Grade Retention Essay example -- essays research papers

Grade remembering, better known as staying behind, being held back or repeating, has been the topic of much tump over inside the educational system. The controversy which surrounds this long-standing issue has been reinforced by such(prenominal) topics as the recent endorsement of academic standards. Research indicates that the rate of memory board has increased by approximately 40% in the last 20 years with as many as 15% of all American learners held back each year and 30-50% held back at least erst before ninth bulls eye (Dawson, 1998). These discouraging statistics pose copious problems within a school system. The difficulties can be appreciated at the organizational level, as well as inside the classroom and, most troubling, within the individual students. The consequences, both positive and negative, reverberate throughout the school system. Grades computer memory is an issue which requires a prodigious amount of examination and should be considered cautiously and th oroughly.Formally, grade retention is defined as the practice of requiring a student who has been in a given grade level for a fully school year to return at that level for a attendant year (Jackson, 1975). Unofficially, the practice is employed as a tool to fire the academic or developmental growth for students who be unable to collect the curriculum requirements due to a variety of reasons. These reasons can include decreased cognitive functioning, physical immaturity, social-emotional difficulties and failure to pass standardized assessments. A miserable fry may be considered for retention if he has poor academic skills, is small in stature, is the youngest in the class, has moved frequently, has been absent repeatedly, does poorly on prescreening assessments or has limited English-language skills (Robertson, 1997). Additionally, the typical profile of a retained child is to a greater extent likely to reveal an elementary school-aged student who is a black or Hispanic mal e with a late birthday, developmental delay, attentional problems, impoverished socioeconomic status, single-parent household with a parent who either does not or cannot intervene on behalf of the child (Robertson, 1997 Mattison, 2000). Also seen in retained children are the predictive health factors of hearing and speech impairments, low birth weight, urinary incontinence and exposure to cigarette smoke within the home (Byrd... ...ommended, what should parents do? ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education. Champaign, IL.Parker, Dennis R. (2001). Social promotion or retention? Leadership, 30 (4),12-16. Jackson, G. (1975). The research evidence on the effects of grade retention. check over of educational Research, 45, 613-635. Holmes, C. T. (1989). Synthesis of recent research on nonpromotion A five-year follow-up. radical presented at the Annual Meeting of the American education research Association, San Francisco, CA.Natale, J. A. (1991). Rethinking grade r etention. Educational Digest, 56 (9), 30-34. Slavin, Robert E., Karweit, N., & Wasik, B. Preventing archeozoic school failure What works? Educational Leadership, 50 (4). Darling-Hammond, Linda. (1998). Avoiding both grade retention and social promotion. The School Administrator, 48-53. Byrd, Robert S., & Weitzman, Michael L. (1994). Predictors of early grade retention among children in the United States. Pediatrics, 93 (3), 481-488. Mattison, Richard E. (2000). School point of reference A review of research on issues unique to the school environment. journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolscent Psychiatry,