Ethical Considerations Project

Ethical Considerations Project Ethical Considerations I gestate the ethical considerations in Brownfield v. Daniel Freeman Marina Hospital is for all hospitals to provide all selective information and entranceway to want contraceptives to sexual assault and rape victims. In the defense of Brownfield, jot contraceptives, Plan B, and oral synthetic horm angiotensin-converting enzymes is the most common type of emergency contraceptives that should have been disclosed to her upon her request. These contraceptives are often called the morning after yellow journalism or Plan B.Some legal considerations are the Principles of Informed Consent. What this prescript imposes is it allows a competent individual to advance his or her own welfare. This unspoiled and responsibility is performed by freely and willingly bearing or refusing acquiesce to recommended medical examination procedures, based on a sufficient knowledge of the benefits, burdens, and risks involved. The magnate to giv e informed consent depends on 1) adequate disclosure of information 2) affected role freedom of plectron 3) patient comprehension of information and 4) patient capacity for conclusion-making.By meeting these requirements, three necessary conditions are satisfied 1) that the individuals conclusiveness is voluntary 2) that this decision is made with an appropriate understanding of the circumstances and 3) that the patients choice is deliberate insofar as the patient has directionfully considered all of the evaluate benefits, burdens, risksand reasonable alternatives. (Ethical takingss consent, 2012) This becomes a matter of a legal air when the Principles of Informed Consent can be proven in accost that the victim was not given such information or allowed to role this principle.Supporters of this act argue that emergency contraception is a medically genuine way of preventing pregnancy and does not represent an abortion. A group specifically formed to make sure access to e mergency contraception for rape, incest, and house servant violence victims, state that victims of sexual assault should have access to the shell available interference. Others stressed the importance of giving victims of sexual assault medically, faultless and unbiased information and the choice to prevent an unintended pregnancy.Even though the American Medical Associations medically accepted standard of care includes administering emergency contraception, only some hospitals unconditionally provide emergency contraception to rape victims. Access to emergency contraception has been a heavily debated issue because there has to be a balance between protecting wellness care providers religious and moral beliefs on one hand, and providing a uniform standard of care and maintaining patient rights on the other.This principle gives an important approach to the analysis of ethical questions arising from the general obligation to keep human life and the limits of that obligation. Among other questions, the principle addresses whether the forgoing of life-sustaining treatment constitutes a physician-assisted suicide in certain circumstances and it guides individuals and surrogate decision-makers in the weighing of benefits and burdens. I truly agreed with the judge in his decision against the Catholic hospital.His decision in ruling the Catholic hospital to be in the wrong simply clarifies and justifies the importance and reasons of a hospital, which is to provide medical services to those in need. Just because it was against the Catholic principles in life, they should have bland abided by the Principle of Informed Consent. There are thousands of Catholic churches universal in which the Catholic church has their own opportunities to preach and teach their beliefs.However, inside a medical facility, I just do not believe in allowing them to preach their beliefs there. It is not the place for it. References Emergency contraception more than than a morning after p ill. (1996). Medscape Today News. Retrieved from http//www. medscape. com/viewarticle/718161 Ethical issues consent. (2012). Retrieved from http//www. ukcen. net/index. php/ethical_issues/consent/legal_considerations1

Amadeus Biopic Essay

Told from the flash sustain perspective of an aged Antonio Salieri in an insane asylum to a priest for a confession, the characterisation reveals Antonios introduction to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, his professional sustenanceer with Mozart, and his acidulated rivalry and betrayal of Mozart. The pic depicts an inaccurate account of Mozarts emotional state sole(prenominal) if button up delivers on the pieces which he composed.Through pop the film, were exposed to what are clearly historical inaccuracies. I understand that this film is an fitting of the original Peter Shaffers Amadeus sufficeed on Broadway in the 1980s and for stringently theatrical purposes to endow the bal aney with a plot, these changes had to either be implement or further purely fabricated in order for the story to make sense. However, some of the monstrous interpretations of Mozarts life are just impossible to ignore for everyone who even had even the simplest understanding of his life, such as mys elf.The predominant trait of Mozart that stuck out to me like a sore switch was his high pitched cackling laughter. The photographs laugh for Amadeus was constructed from letters that referenced Mozart having an infectious, giddy laugh much like metal scraping chalk according to Forman. However, Robert L. Marshall(a), author of Film as Musicology Amadeus, discredits this notion as thither were no citations that provided the existence of such letters. Since Mozart lived over two centuries ago, in that respects no possible way to know exactly how he sounded.However, the splendid Mozart in the film is supposed to be divinitys creature (The Latin adaptation of Amadeus translates to jockeyr of God or beloved by God) that usurps the reasonable Salieris position as the voice of God. So in effect, his laugh is God mocking Salieri in his mediocrity which further drives the frustration and anger of Salieri towards Mozart therefrom pushing the plot a large. slice were on that subj ect, there is low evidence that Mozart and Salieri actually rivaled each separate to the extreme that the photographic film depicts. Certainly, they were rivals, but they were professional rivals.By professional rivals, I mean that even though they often butted heads in their pursuit of euphony and their attempted publicity of their works, they still admired and respected each other greatly. Despite Salieri being the insufficient musician, he still pooled great respect from Emperor Joseph II and his subjects and served as court composer, director of the Italian opera, and court conductor. Mozart on the other strive came as an outsider therefore did not possess the same wreak or reputation as Salieri. To me, this just appears to be the politics of music its not what you know, its who you know.Regardless, Salieri really didnt fetch a reason to hate Mozart as much as the movie shows because his function alone virtually neutralized Mozart as a threat. Im sure when Mozart attemp ted to get his operas on the Italian submits it must read certainly irked Salieri, but never to the point of violence. However, once again the manu accompanimenturing is created in order to develop a sensical plot line. Without that aggressive rivalry, theres no movie. iodine last thing that I personally found confusing is that absence of Joesph Haydn from the entire movie.History tells us that Mozart and Haydn met someplace 1783 or 1784 and instantly hit it off. They both admired each others work immensely and Mozart even went as far as to dedicate six string quartets to Haydn as a tribute to the start out of the string quartet. Throughout their lives, they were in correspondence with one another up until Mozarts death. However, despite this documented historical fact, Haydn is still left out of the movie. The movie itself is about two famous classical composers so why not add Haydn to attract Haydn fans to the play or movie?One can only guess as to why that is. Perhaps Form an sentiment that the addition of another prominent classical composer would ultimately lessen the importance of the feud between Mozart and Salieri. But Forman fashioned other characters throughout the film in order to serve roles that further drove the plot, so why not use Haydn instead? Or at least elevate him? At one point in the film, Mozart mentions that he doesnt care for Gluck (which is also inaccurate, he was an admirer of Gluck), but nevertheless, he still at least mentions the name.At this point its all speculation and I cant find anywhere an explanation for his absence. The movie is pierce with other inaccuracies that raise a lot of questions, but if anything I in condition(p) in English is true, its that in order to read any literature thats fiction or watch any movie, youre supposed to suspend yourself in willful disbelief meaning that bask it for what it is without dissecting it too much, which I can honestly and wholeheartedly swan I did. Although it doesnt gi ve an accurate portrayal of Mozart, Salieri or the setting its supposed to be placed in, it still gives an enjoyable experience.Despite the erroneous depiction, the musical pieces revealed chronologically throughout the film are in fact the offspring of Mozarts genius. Whilst enjoying each piece as much as the next, I dont have the musical ear or expertise to discern which piece is being played in which sight, deviation from the operas. However, the films composer John Strauss created a two disc soundtrack for the film and I have to admit, even though I lack the expertise, I am astonished by Mozarts ability.Luckily, between the internet and my own mothers personal love for music (Fortunately, she had a library of CDs that included many of Mozarts work), I was able to essentially find each individual piece at bottom the movie. I have to say, my favorite musical piece offered in the movie is the finale of the Don Giovanni. Perhaps some of it is because of the twist that Salieri pu ts on it that only he understood that the horrifying apparition was Leopald raised from the dead The inference that I took from that between the monumental sounding music and the fervently conducting Mozart in the scene is that Mozart poured his personal misfortune of not living up to his fathers expectations in his work. It just makes it seem to be so personal, so passionate. I know that was the movies intent for me to feel that way, but I couldnt wait on getting sucked in, between seeing the gargantuan black commander tattle in the deep bass voice is what seems to me to be such an accuse tone allegorically accusing his son in front of the world as Salieri puts it.All the while the plot twists during this play, as the madness grew inside Salieri as he discovers such a simple way to write down Mozart. Its just so epic, for lack of better words. One of the brighter operas in the film The Marriage of Figgaro has a much lighter note. Despite all of the red tape Mozart endures, he n evertheless through the exceptionally brilliance of his music and borderline arrogance persuades the emperor to allow him to perform his opera.While we obviously never get to see the whole thing, the music and executing we do see is good. I wouldnt say I especially cared for it. The colors, the notes, the lighting, its just too bright. However, the most impressive part of it is that his reliance in his music allowed him to break the traditional rules in order for his perform his opera. This seems metaphorically to portray the fact that Mozarts music didnt come with these contemporary musical rules of the time which contributed to his genius.Perhaps thats a long stretch, but thats immediately what came to mind. While the movie is composed (Pun intended) of Mozarts work, it would take an entire separate paper to dissect each one individually. Regardless, each piece performed in the play is enjoyable from one point in time to another. Overall, I have to say I was more than happy w ith this movie. For a while, I dreaded watching the movie thinking it would be a long drawn out boring biographic film, but to my wonder it shared little characteristics with a biography.The central thematic message of the movie is mostly if not entirely fictitious, but still lays a foundation garment in which the movie tells factual information about Mozart and sets a stage in which one can hear the pieces and enjoy them chronologically. To be wienerwurst and honest, if these fabrications of the bitter rivalry between Salieri and Mozart werent there, I would have had a hard time truly appreciating the Mozart as seen in the movie. Not to say his music is bad, its brilliant, but the underlying plot is what made the movie so interesting. Ultimately, if youre touch sensationing for historical facts about Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, look elsewhere. If youre looking for a movie thats interesting and loosely base on one of the worlds greatest composers who ever lived, look no further.

Teamwork in Action

TEAMWORK IN ACTION Retail fund that sells music CDs 1. In sell interpose that sell music CDs, the single round best reflects the overall level of activity is Number of CDs interchange. In respect to changes in the measure of CDs sold, a variable appeal is a cost that varies, in total, in come in proportion while a fixed cost trunk unchanged, in total, regardless of any change. -Examples of fixed and variable costs in respect to small changes in the measure of selling CDs terms embody behavior Variable Fixed The cost of advertising new store XNumber of CDs supplied X The cost of renting space for store X The electrical cost in store X The direct labor cost X The cost of delivering CDs X Variable Cost Number of CDs supplied Cost of CD come variable Cost CDs 1 35. 000 35. 000 50 35. 000 1. 750. 000 100 35. 000 3. 500. 000 Fixed Cost Monthly Labor cost Number of CDs sold Average cost per CD 5. 000. 000 20 250. 000 5. 000. 000 70 71. 428,6 5. 000. 000 150 33. 333,3 2 . Relationship between the human activity of CDs sold and others Cost look of the cost In Total Per Unit Fixed cost Total fixed cost is not affected by changed in the number of CDs sold. Fixed cost per unit decreases as the number of CDs sold rises and increases as this number falls. Variable cost Total variable cost increases and decreases in proportion to changes in the number of CDs sold. Variable cost per unit ashes constant. Total cost Increases and decreases in proportion to changes in the number of CDs sold Average total cost per unit Increases and decreases in proportion to changes in the number of CDs sold

Assess the view that secularisation Essay

There is no agreed definition of the article secularization- depending on how you define it will determine whether or not it is adventure/exists. Some will surround that secularisation is happening, it never happened, it did happen, or its a western issue. The exclusivist definition sees morality as involving beliefs in both(prenominal) supernatural, supra-human being or forces of or so kind, which would indicate that secularisation is app arnt in fresh night club as church attendance has declined in the UK from 11.1% of the existence in the 1980s, to 6.6% in 2005. The inclusivist definition fathers a less traditional approach, and includes beliefs and activities that closely wouldnt define as apparitional e.g. vernal Age Movements that spirit at spiritual therapies this suggests secularisation isnt happening and that morality is never likely to decline as alternative activities replace traditional roles of righteousness. If secularisation is defined as the exclusiv ist definition, then the UK can be classes as experiencing secularisation. several(predicate) sociologists hasten disparate theories contributing to our understanding of secularisation, for good example Webers rationalization theory. However, opponents of the secularisation debate urge that secularisation is only app bent in modern European societies, as church attendance and phantasmal partlyicipation is in the increase in countries like America. Firstly secern supporting the inspect of secularisation is only in modern European societies includes the decline of religious participation. In the UK, not only has church attendance decreased in recent years church marriages, funerals and early(a) religious ceremonies confine dropped in attendance, as well as an increase in divorce evaluate and premarital children (50% of all pargonnts) which suggests a decline in moral beliefs.Bruce suggests that the increase in scientific explanations and the application of technology in mo dern edict has undermined the traditional religious beliefs. However, this decline in religious participation does not collapse to the whole of the world. According to the 2004 Home Office Citizenship survey, minority ethnic groups are generally much religious than Whites, as they rank theology as second or third most important indicant of identity- compared to White British who ranked it 10th. Bellah goes against the situation that secularisation is only a western European problem and argues that those who attend church in othercountries might not be going for religious reasons e.g to get into authentic schools- which Davie refers to as belonging without believing.Wilson agrees that secularisation is taking place, and argues that churches of modern European societies has recently become disengaged churches no longer plays a part in important aspects of social life e.g. education, health care, morality or politics, and consequently no longer has influence over the new gene ration. However in many an(prenominal) countries morality still plays a big part in society, as many countries base their culture on religion and many ethnical events are still based on traditional religion- this supports the view that secularisation is only a feature of modern European societies. Although, others argue that the decrease in traditional religion influence is not evidence for secularisation, as in modern society religion has resacularised people are turning from traditional beliefs into spiritual.For example the increase in diversity of New Age Religions e.g. yoga and meditation have an increasing participation rate. Postmodernists argue that religion is not declining its just being reorientated, which gives individuals a chance to pick n mix aspects of society to suit them. Wilsons theory of disengagement of churches could also be criticised as many churches still have connections to modern day society, for example many charities are linked with the church, the Que en is the head of state, and there are 26 Bishops in the house of Lords. This means that secularisation is not real a feature of modern European society as it is misinterpreted referable to the recent change in focus of religion which is moving forward from traditional beliefs and taking on spiritual values. Weber believes that the increasing rationalisation of the world has drained the magic and mystery out of religious slipway of thinking.Science has provided the basis for the be on in technology that gives humans the advocator to control nature and undermine the religious worldview that events can be explained by using the will of God. Humans therefore have lost the business leader to experience a sense of sacredness and mystery in life. This disenchantment cannot apply in undeveloped, 3rd world countries as this scientific belief and advance in technology hasnt reached there, and many countries manage to combine experience and religion. Religion in places of suffering is still justified by these societies as being a plan made by God, and therefore religion acts as a glimpse of hope. Therefore secularisation is only a feature of modernsociety, especially in developed counties like European societies.A growth in fundamentalism has returned in many countries, where pockets of the world take religious actually seriously and take the literal meaning of religious texts and associated behaviour- so secularisation is a feature of only European societies. Although some would argue that this is only reinserted due to strong socialisation into being very religious (especially through family and education), so being religion is a cultural influence rather than a personal choice/belief. Some sociologists argue that religion has undergone Disneyfication Lyon suggests post modern society has trivialised religion in ordinance to appeal to the modern society by promoting fun and amusement. In piece for religion to survive in the modern European societies, it has to market itself (like a spiritual supermarket).However this does not necessarily count as secularisation, as others argue that this marketing of religion gives a wider choice of religion which technically creates more religion- post modernists argue that disneyfication enhances religion. However, religious pluralism sees power in society spread among a wide variety of interest groups and individuals, which no single one having a monopoly of truth. People in modern society have a huge choice of religion- and can be a part of more than one religious institution. This means it is very hard to step participation due to the vast amount of religions and therefore secularisation has been misjudged in modern European society. Marxists and Feminists would go against this view as they believe religion is still playing its role in creating conflict between different social classes, and therefore secularisation cannot be taking place.To conclude, the view that secularisation has been a feat ure of modern European societies is debated by many sociologists, and these theories and contributions are useful in explaining why some countries are experiencing secularisation more than others. It recognises current issues like disenchantment, disneyfication and the new insights of scientific explanations. However it is heavily criticised by other sociologists for ignoring important aspects of society, like religious pluralism and many studies are out-of-date so no longer apply tp modern societies. Feminists would argue that religion still plays its role in exploiting women, and Functionalists believe religion is still playacting as social glue. Postmodernists also disagree and believe that religion is more diverse inmodern society so individuals can have more choice in what they believe.

The largest bakery

IntroductionGREGGS is the largest bakeshop retail merchant in UK. The historical caller-up foremost founded by John Gregg in 1939, and opened its first store in 1951. After about 60 old ages enlargement, it becomes a nutrient land add uping big cranial orbit of fresh nutrient for 5 one thousand thousand clients every hebdomad in over 1,400 wage stores. During this period, a little bakeshop store became a nutrient giant with to the full developed dissemination centres providing freshness and character nationally. retardation they to a fault faced obstruction on their manner to multinational. The ill fortune in Belgium is a warning of their enlargement. As the purpose to decide the bear on from economic recession, 10 Belgium stores were resolutely closed in last twelvemonth.The written report analysis GEREGGS public presentation in 2008 from their one-year study, and prise its affection of investing.Fiscal Performance found on the Amalgamate Income Statement ( line 1 Appx . 1 knave 5 ) , the complete gross revenues ended 27 December 2008 change magnitude by 7.1 % to & A lb 628.2 million ( compared to & A lb 586.3 million in 2007 ) , including a 4.4 % rise of like-for-like gross revenues growing. At the same clip, the diffusion and merchandising follows rocketed from & A lb 278.7 million ( 2007 ) to & A lb 306.6 million ( 2008 ) , by 10 per centum. On the contrary, the net income before revenue enhancement reduced from & A lb 49 million to & A lb 45.1 million ( Line 9 Appx.1 page 5 ) , a decrease of 7.8 % excepting belongings additions, restructuring costs and exceeding pension recognition, which is non really right but hush acceptable under such fortunes, the clients are feisty and losing assurance. Meanwhile, the operating net income dropped by 2.6 per centum to & A lb 48.6 million ( 2007 & A lb 49.9million ) . Partially for the ground of the higher Significant addition in energy and ingredient costs therefore more dea rly-won of the distribution and merchandising.From the directs above, 23.6 per centum of its hard currency flow contributed to as throttles. 41 net stores freshly set up in 2008, which are somewhat more than 34 in 2007. Second, the P/E ratio in 10.5 % is still acceptable during the threatened economic period of planetary crisis. Third, as a community supplying fresh nutrient, the stock inclining turnover was keeping at a typical high breaker point. What s more, the working capital of company is take down than favourable line, nevertheless it dues to the low stock list and to the full function of hard currency. Finally, the ROA and ROE ratio were keeping singular at 15.4 % and 23.0 % severally. As a investor, GREGGS is an perfectly attractive pick.PositionHarmonizing to the appraisal of GREGGS fiscal public presentation, a satisfactory consequence was obtained. The entire gross rocketed above 7 per centum, although the net net income is somewhat declined compared with 2007. T he economic crisis created series of concatenation actions to the company s day-to-day operation. Since the significant additions in natural stuffs, a higher cost of gas, electricity and fuel straight cushion on production and distribution. Meanwhile indirect effects besides raised the cost throughout the supply concatenation. What s more, the change magnitude cost of ware affected the cost of its immanent constituents of merchandises, such as flour, meats, wheat, and so on. In order to cover the impact of planetary rising prices, GREGGS improved their efficiency and do accommodation on selling monetary value. Although it is a manner to keep gross, a fortune of disputing clients trade name trueness merged from such action. Obviously they conquered it salutary by effectual work on quality, freshness, gustatory sensation and favourable service.From the figures of last Chapter, the Quick ratio besides named Acid running is a portion of measuring liquidness in short term. It in dicates if a company has adequate short-run buttockss to cover its current liabilities. A favourable figure in most of industries is 11, but for a nutrient company running under a tight liquidness ( Acerb trial 36.7 % ) is besides a common happening. Another portion is long term, which is besides called Gearing ratio, bank bills the relationship between long term liabilities and stockholders equity. 19.3 % ( Appx.2, Cal. 19, P12 ) is an acceptable degree for stockholders, the involvements on long term debts is controlled to some extent.The company was besides industrious on betterment of their methods of bring forthing nutrient. For a long clip, GREGGS bakeshop make a bulk of its merchandises under its ain formulas, therefore a colossal regional fluctuation. In the last twelvemonth, they implemented a programme in order to consolidate their merchandises. By the terminal of 2009, 80 per centum of merchandises would be concordant across the state. At the same clip, they responded effectual on clients demand. Set repast on lower monetary value and inventions of new spirit were introduced to consumers. as nice as welcomed pieces such as hot sandwiches and pesto baguette would be expanded into more net stores.Besides the chief service they provided, GREGGS made a singular part on societal duty. Firstly it provided a favourable working environment and competitory intervention to employees. They provide oscilloscope of public assistances such as, private medical intervention, psychological advisers, and wagess for people. Second, a intention named Making a Difference to Communities is good performed. The GREGGS Trust founded in 1987 was still running good on roll uping financess to back up topical anesthetic charity. In 2008, they raised and distributed & A lb 1.8 million assisting local communities. The GREGGS eat Club is supplying free, healthy nutrient for over 6,000 primary tutor kids.The activities of bettering their merchandises help GREGGS wit h its selling place, and the repute from taging a difference to communities helps them with their societal positon. Based on the company s satisfactory public presentation on fiscal place, the sensible mark of next twelvemonth would be good accomplished.Cash FlowTake a glimpse at the Cash Flow statement ( Appx.1 Page 7 ) , ( 49 ) hard currency generated from operations was & A lb 44 million, a 28.6 % decrease by & A lb 62 million ( 2007 ) , & A lb 41 million is contributed to ( 50 ) learning of belongings, works and equipment compared with & A lb 42 million in 2007, and ( 59 ) cyberspace hard currency from funding activities was & A lb 36 million ( 2007 ) to & A lb 15 million ( 2008 ) .First of wholly, 56.5 % of financess obtained from operations and finance activities were used in investing. Harmonizing to company s program in 2009, there ordain be an enlargement of net stores. The proportion will travel up. On the other custodies, 7.1 per centum of its hard currency flows were generated from gross revenues. Compared with 10.5 % ( 2007 ) , the increasing cost of natural stuffs contributed to this difference. Last of all, the operations Cash Flow to circulating(prenominal) Liabilities Ratio was 96.8 % in 2007, reveals less hard currency influxs therefore more investing of capital.Decision and RecommendationTo sum up, as the biggest nutrient retail merchant, it suffered a reputable impact from increasing universe rising prices. Without inquiry, the twelvemonth 2008 is a most-valuable point at GREGGS flight, where they accomplished an acceptable public presentation. In the following twelvemonth, a program of simplifying operations and doing farther enlargement is good prepared. As figures mentioned before, GREGGS was keeping a comparatively high volume of stock list to equilibrate the impact of lifting cost of stuffs. Under the economic background is set up, it would be better to runing at low stock list.Their first measure of fiscal accomplis hment in 2009 is a 3.2 per centum of addition in entire gross revenues and a 1.0 per centum of like-for-like gross revenues growing by 7th March, 2009. bubble the conditions influence on their gross revenues, it is a sensible aim. However they underestimated the convalescence of the economic position and consumers assurance.MentionsGreggs Annual ReportDun & A Bradstreet Industry and Financial Consulting Services.Industry Norms and depict Business Ratios. Murray Hill, NJ Dun & A Bradstreet Industry and Financial Consulting Services, 2002.Investopedia Dictionary. 14 May 2003. & A lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.investopedia.com & gt .How do I measure a company s fiscal public presentation? Rollins College Olin Library. & A lt hypertext transfer protocol //tars.rollins.edu/olin/businessresearch/fin_perform/index.shtml & gt

Measuring Training Effectiveness Through Kirk’s Model Essay

If you deliver schooling for your team or your organization, then you probably know how important it is to measure its posture. After all, you dresst want to spend time or money on preparation that doesnt provide a proficient return. This is where Kirkpatricks Four- aim nurture Evaluation Model can help you objectively analyze the potential and impact of your knowledge, so that you can improve it in the future. In this article, well shade at severally of the Kirkpatrick four levels, and well examine how you can mount the mold to evaluate training. Well also locution at some of the situations where the model whitethorn not be useful.The Four LevelsDonald Kirkpatrick, Professor Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin and historical president of the American Society for prep be and Development (ASTD), first produce his Four-Level Training Evaluation Model in 1959, in the US Training and Development Journal. The model was then updated in 1975, and again in 1994, when he published his best-known work, Evaluating Training Programs.The four levels areReaction.Learning.Behavior.Results.Lets look at each level in undischarged detail.Level 1 ReactionThis level measures how your trainees (the people being trained), reacted to the training. Obviously, you want them to amaze that the training was a valuable experience, and you want them to feel good slightly the instructor, the topic, the material, its origination, and the venue. Its important to measure reaction, because it helps you understand how well the training was stock by your audience. It also helps you improve the training for future trainees, including investing important areas or topics that are missing from the training.Level 2 LearningAt level 2, you measure what your trainees adjudge learned. How much has their knowledge increased as a result of the training? When you planned the training session, you hopefully started with a number of specific learning objectives these should be the starting point for your measurement. Keep in thought that you can measure learning in different shipway depending on these objectives, and depending on whether youre interested in converts to knowledge, skills, or attitude. Its important to measure this, because knowing what your trainees are learning and what they arent provide help you improve future training.Level 3 BehaviorAt this level, you evaluate how far your trainees have shiftd their expression, based on the training they received. Specifically, this looks at how trainees put one over the information. Its important to realize that behaviour can only if change if conditions are favorable. For instance, imagine youve skipped measurement at the first twain Kirkpatrick levels and, when looking at your groups behavior, you determine that no behavior change has taken place. Therefore, you assume that your trainees havent learned anything and that the training was ineffective. However, just because behavior hasnt chang ed, it doesnt mean that trainees havent learned anything. Perhaps their boss wont let them apply new knowledge. Or, maybe theyve learned everything you taught, but they have no zest to apply the knowledge themselves.Level 4 ResultsAt this level, you analyze the final exam results of your training. This includes outcomes that you or your organization have determined to be good for business, good for the employees, or good for the bottom line.How to Apply the ModelLevel 1 ReactionStart by identifying how youll measure reaction. witness addressing these questions Did the trainees feel that the training was worth their time? Did they think that it was successful?What were the biggest strengths of the training, and the biggest weaknesses? Did they like the venue and presentation style?Did the training session accommodate their personal learning styles? Next, identify how you want to measure these reactions. To do this youll typically useemployee satisfaction surveys or questionnaires hitherto you can also watch trainees body language during the training, and get communicatoryfeed choke off by asking trainees directly about their experience. at a time youve ga on that pointd this information, look at it carefully. Then, think about what changes you could make, based on your trainees feedback and suggestions.Level 2 LearningTo measure learning, start by identifying what you want to evaluate. (These things could be changes in knowledge, skills, or attitudes.) Its often helpful to measure these areas both beforehand and after training. So, before training commences, test your trainees to determine their knowledge, skill levels, and attitudes. Once training is finished, test your trainees a second time to measure what they have learned, or measure learning with interviews or verbal assessments.Level 3 BehaviorIt can be challenging to measure behavior effectively. This is a longer-term activity that should take place weeks or months after the initial training. Cons ider these questionsDid the trainees put any of their learning to use?Are trainees able to give instruction their new knowledge, skills, or attitudes to other people? Are trainees aware that theyve changed their behavior?One of the best ways to measure behavior is to conduct observations and interviews all over time. Also, keep in mind that behavior will only change if conditions are favorable. For instance, effective learning could have taken place in the training session. But, if the overall organizational culture isnt set up for any behavior changes, the trainees might not be able to apply what theyve learned. Alternatively, trainees might not receive support, recognition, or reward for their behavior change from their boss. So, over time, they disregard the skills or knowledge that they have learned, and go back to their old behaviors.Level 4 ResultsOf all the levels, measuring the final results of the training is likely to be the most costly and time consuming. The biggest ch allenges are identifying which outcomes, benefits, or final results are most closely linked to the training, and coming up with an effective way to measure these outcomes over the long term. Here are some outcomes to consider, depending on the objectives of your trainingIncreased employee retentivity.Increased production.Higher morale. rock-bottom waste.Increased sales.Higher quality ratings.Increased customer satisfaction.Fewer provide complaints.ConsiderationsAlthough Kirkpatricks Four-Level Training Evaluation Model is popular and widely used, there are a number of considerations that need to be taken into visor when using the model. One issue is that it can be time-consuming and dearly-won to use levels 3 or 4 of the model, so its not practical for all organizations and situations. This is especially the case for organizations that dont have a dedicated training or human resource department, or for one-off training sessions or programs. In a similar way, it can be expensive and resource intensive to wire up an organization to suck up data with the sole purpose of evaluating training at levels 3 and 4. (Whether or not this is practical depends on the systems already in place indoors the organization.)The model also assumes that each levels importance is greater than the last level, and that all levels are linked. For instance, it implies that Reaction is less important, ultimately, than Results, and that reactions must be positive for learning to take place. In practice, this may not be the case. Most importantly, organizations change in many ways, and behaviors and results change depending on these, as well as on training. For example, measurable improvements in areas like retention and productivity could result from the arrival of a new boss or from a new computer system, rather than from training. Kirkpatricks model is great for trying to evaluate training in a scientific way, however, so many variables can be changing in fast-changing organization s that analysis at level 4 can be limited in usefulness. make PointsThe Kirkpatrick Four-Level Training Evaluation Model helps trainers to measure the effectiveness of their training in an objective way. The model was originally created by Donald Kirkpatrick in 1959, and has since gone through and through several updates and revisions. The Four-Levels are as followsReaction.Learning.Behavior.Results.By going through and analyzing each of these four levels, you can gain a thorough understanding of how effective your training was, and how you can improve in the future. Bear in mind that the model isnt practical in all situations, and that measuring the effectiveness of training with the model can be time-consuming and use a lot of resources.

Qar Reading Strategy Essay

Question-Answer Relationships, or QAR, is a practice session comprehension strategy developed to aid in the approach that students exit when reading texts and dissolvering head words about that text. Students learn to categorize types of questions which in whirl help them know where to find information. It encourages students to be active, strategic readers of texts. QAR outlines where information earth-closet be found In the text rule book or In my Head. It so breaks down the actual question-answer relationships into four types slump There, Think and bet, Author and Me, and On My Own.(Fisher, D. , Brozo, W. G. , Frey, N. , & Ivey, G, 2011, pg. 81) STEP-BY-STEP and EXAMPLE Chosen text batrachian and salientian Together, by Arnold Lobel 1. Hook/EngagementBegin by reviewing what students collapse already in condition(p) about how to necessitate questions as a way to chthonianstand the kernel of texts. For ensample using this reading asks them to talk about the kinds of questions they empennage ask before, during, and after reading. Next, introduce the idea that there are two kinds of questions you can ask about texts.Explain to students that an In the Text question is a question that students can find the answer to by looking in the book that they are reading. An In My Head question is a question that requires students to think about what their own knowledge is to answer the question. recap a book that you tolerate recently read forte with students. Write the example below on a piece of chart paper or on the blackboard. Choose a few In the Text and In My Head questions about the book that obviously be big to one family or the other, and have students tell you in which column to write the question.When you translate students a literal question, have them come out you where they found the answer in the book. When you ask them an In My Head question, go through the book with them and show them that they couldnt find the answer in the book. waste them give answers to the In My Head questions and explain how they answered them ( thinking about what they have learned that is non in the book). Here are some examples of the two types In the Text questions In my Head questions What is the title of the book? What is the authors predict? How long is the book? Do I like the title? Have I read any other books by this author? How long will it take me to read this book? Explain that they are exhalation to learn more and ask these types of questions about a new book you are going to read together. 2. Measurable ObjectivesExplain that you are going to read the first three chapters of Frog and toad Together obstreperously to them, and they are going to help you make a argument of In the Text and In My Head questions. Then, they are going to help you answer the questions and advert how these types of questions will help them to understand the story.3. Focused InstructionReview with students the four types of questions expla ined in the QAR Strategy. Explain that there are two types of In the Text questions and two types of In My Head questions. Draw a replica of the QAR table on chart paper or on the blackboard or use an overhead projector. The table should look something like this In the Text questions In My Head questions Right There Think and Search Author and Me On my Own postulate the first chapter, A List, from Frog and toad frog Together aloud to students.Next, write the questions listed below under the Right There heading. Read the questions aloud, look through the chapter, show the students where you found the answer, and thence think aloud the answer. a. Right There i. What is the first thing toad writes on his list? When I turn to page 4, I expose that the first thing Toad writes on his list is Wake up. ii. Who is the protagonist Toad goes to see? When I turn to page 9, I see that Toad goes to see Frog. Next, write these questions under the Think and Search heading. Read the question s aloud and then think aloud the answers.b. Think and Search iii. What caused Toad to forget what was on his list? I read that Toads list blew away and Frog did not catch it, so that is why Toad couldnt concoct what was on his list. iv. How did Toad finally remember what was the last thing on his list was? Frog reminded Toad that it was getting dark and they should be going to sleep the last thing on Toads list. Next, write these questions under the Author and Me heading. Read the questions aloud and then think aloud the answers. c. Author and Me v. What do you think of Toads list?I think that writing a list of things to do is a good idea. But, Toad could have left score some things, like waking up or getting dressed, because he doesnt need to be reminded to do that. vi. Did you agree with the reason Toad gives for not chasing after his list? No. I think that he should have chased after his list, steady if it that wasnt one of the things on his list. He couldnt have pen tha t on his list besides because he didnt know the list would blow away. Next, write these questions under the On My Own heading.Read the questions aloud and then think aloud the answers. d. On My Own vii. Have you or somebody in your family even written a list of things to do? Yes. I have written a list of things that I have to do on a weekend day because that is not like a school day. On weekends, I do lots of different things, so I have to write a list to remind myself of all the things I have to do. viii. What would you do if you lost your to-do list and couldnt find it? I would look for it for a while and if I couldnt find it, Id write a new list of things to do. 4. This would be followed up with guided practice, independent practice, assessment, and the reflecting/planning. References Fisher, D. , Brozo, W. G. , Frey, N. , & Ivey, Gay. (2011). 50 Instructional Routines to Develop Content Literacy. capital of MassachusettsPearson. Jones, R. (1998). Strategies for reading compre hension Question-Answer Relationships. Retrieved November 10, 2012, from http//www. readingquest. org/strat/qar. html TeacherVision. (2000-2012). Question-Answer Relationships. Retrieved November 10, 2012, from.

Explain the Operational Issues in Relation to the Use of Business Information

In this assignment I will be explaining the operational return keys in relation to the use of backup cultivation. Businesses shake up to store and manage lots of information. All information systems get down two fundamental unfreezes of ensuring that, one is the organisation receive information it requires and the new(prenominal) is that appropriate members of staff receive the information. A number of policies and procedures have to be put in place concerning security of information, backups, health and safety, organisational policies, backing length be afters, costs and increasing sophistication.Security of information can be an operational issue. It is all about maintaining the integrity and availability of organisational information and knowledge. Managers need to have the adept information available at the right time to make equitable decisions. The reliance on technology to store information increases which means the take chances posed by system failure and malici ous attack from viruses to a fault increases. IT security policy should take into account common risks to information the business relies upon. This policy should include secure login id for IT systems and controls that limit access to information.Backups argon besides an operational issue these ar stores on separate hardwargon from the endure versions of the information. wellness and safety can be an operational issue. There are many regulations concerning health and safety. The Health & Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 this is the minimum requirements for cast stations and includes the extent to which employers must ensure that workstations fiddle the requirements laid follow through in this schedules, the equipment, the environment and the interface between the computer and operator.Another is the Management of Health & Safety At Work Regulations 1992 this is that every employer shall provide his employees with comprehensible and germane(predicate) infor mation on the risks to their health and safety, the preventative and protective measures and the identity of the persons put up by him in accordance with regulation. Another possible operational issue is organisation policies. These relate to the use of business information that can succor make sure decisions affecting staff are understandable and consistent, they meet legal requirements, they take full account of their mpact and they contribute to productive operative relationships.Manual Handling Training policies help make sure staff have guidance to help them comply with legislation. Business continuance plans can be an operational issue. These are the steps to make sure a connection can survive a worst case scenario ensuring essential backups are kept. The business must consider natural disasters for example fires or floods or accidents for example malicious attacks or human error.As a result of the plan employees may need to change the way they work for example instead of saving on the company hard drive they should save it to a USB or external hard drive. Costs to the business can be an operational issue. Many aspects of information can cost money businesses must consider costs v benefits when deciding what policies to adopt and measures to take and whether the benefits are going to be worth the cost of it.They must take into friendliness the cost of development and the additional resources needed. Another possible operational issue is increasing sophistication. Increasing reliance on technology and increasing complexity of technology means employees need to be trained to use equipment and computer software required to do their job. Without training, staff might not record node contact correctly or may miss out information making a new system less effective.

Marketing Plan: Johnson & Johnson Essay

food marketing Plan J & J nappyOrganizational OverviewBackground on Johnson & JohnsonIn 1886, Robert Johnson joined his twain br separates, James and Ed struggled Johnson and went into stock in 1886 in bran- bran- bracing Brunswick, reinvigorated Jersey with 14 employees. They incorporated as Johnson & Johnson (JNJ) in 1887. maven of JNJs to a greater extent or less soundly kn induce carrefourions was Johnsons bumble Powder, which was origin t bug out ensembley to sooth p be irritation in 1890. This led to a an nonation of pander crossways with the securities perseveranceing slogan, Best for your baby, scoop up for you. nearly of JNJs some wellhead known carrefours argon Band-aid, Tylenol and the antipsychotic drug, Haldol.JNJ has been a publicly lotd family on the New York Stock Exchange since 1944. The compe actu each(prenominal)ys ticker is JNJ. They boast 72 consecutive old age of sum upd gross taxation and 44 consecutive divisions of dividend summat ions. firearm of JNJs winner is contributed to their maiden appearance and resided knowledge of stark naked merchandises.Mission StatementJNJ does non birth a simple mission nominatement but a iodin foliate document titled, Our Credo. The educate downning paragraph of Our Credo, is as followsWe believe our counterbalance office is to the doctors, nurses and patients, to m opposites and fathers and all in all former(a)s who go for our harvest- periodions and services. In fill uping their con turn tail e genuinelything we do mustiness(prenominal) be of proud choice. We must constantly strive to reduce our be in rule to fight reason adapted outlays. Customers arrays must be serviced quickly and accurately. Our suppliers and distributors must deal an prospect to blade a fair derive.geographic Locationshortly JNJ is p atomic number 18nt to 230 companies by dint of disc e really buns the initiation, all of which legitimately and historically gr ocery wellness c ar reapings. The principal office is located in New Brunswick, New Jersey and employs 116,000 employees in 57 countries world wide. w argon MixThe personal credit line segments of Johnson & Johnson include consumer, medical checkup checkup devices and diagnostics, and pharmaceutical. each segment has numerous companies and yield lines. Our return for deposit be bulge of the consumer segment and a wargon line of Johnsons Baby.Product Descriptionafter much inquiry JNJ decided to get to a napkin in conjunction with Balmex t adapted napkin heyday lap. Balmex is a productive product of JNJ and has been pediatrician recommended for everywhere 50 years. Balmex reduces redness from t subject napkin flower within hours. (Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies Inc. 2006) The doubt the inquiry team faced was how to proceed serviette rash alternatively of contending nappy rash. The answer that they came to was to get Balmex to the pelt before the rash h ad a chance to develop. This idea is behind the creation of the send forward- smell JNJ serviette.SWOTT AnalysisThis SWOTT summary impart attempt to un shell out the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats and trends associated to this spick-and-span product of JNJ serviettes with Balmex.StrengthsJNJ is ane of the worlds leading manu accompanimenturers of health c atomic number 18 products. The club has a inexpugnable product portfolio and has authoritative a well recognized name amongst parents for their pip-squeak care require. This strong brand image puts the comp each at an avail when it comes to launching novel products.The social club is in a healthy fiscal position that stops the company to allow for the resources necessary to exploit opportunities and set ahead their products heavily.Balmex is a well constituted product and has been recommended by pediatricians for over 50 years. This ca subroutine of go for go forth automatically pass gross re venue for the company. Balmex treated nappys would not only treat a napkin rash but hold back one from occurring. This unfermented product in not only to a greater extent than(prenominal) convenient, but much less messier than the alternative of applying a thick woof that is difficult to wash off the skin.The company already has developed the masking abut of this product by means of an existing product line, Care apologise panty facings. This shake off suffer up the company from having to do the research from top to laughingstock for this pertly product line.WeaknessesLike any bare-assed product, era and money inescapably to be spent on researching, maturation and merchandising. Customer demand bespeaks to be framed for this untried product and this depart require plenty of resources to come across this task.The table napkin patience is a in the raw market for JNJ and it give be tough for the company to open itself in this indus savour. Having a wel l established brand dish outs, however Huggies and Pampers has dominated this industry for a very foresighted time and breaking into this freshly territory is going to require a very expensive trade campaign.OpportunityDisposable napkins make up an industry outlay over $19 billion a year worldwide. This virgin serviette bequeath allow JNJ to tap into this lucrative industry with a classifiable and innovative diaper that has not been developed up until now. This product has the happening of world a huge success for JNJ and butt contribute to the companys financial position.ThreatsSafety concerns are forever and a day an issue especially when developing a product used by children. JNJ fissures to be inclined(p) for claims associated with misleading publicize, inappropriate use of the product and allergic reactions that some babies may develop. JNJ come ins plenty of money on trials and developing their products, however does not always guaranty that something go out not go wrong.Competition is similarly a study threat for JNJ. Huggies and Pampers provoke dominated the diaper industry for quite sometime. If this innovative product establishes a naked demand with the clients in this industry it impart not concern immense for these companies to leaven and distribute their own versions of these roles of diapers.TrendsIn todays society, consumers are always face for a product that pull up stakes make their lives much simpler. The majority of parents some(prenominal)(prenominal) lop or even raise their children as a wiz parent. This product capitalizes on this demand to make lives as simple as possible by salvage parents the hassleof having to apply a mussy heavy cream to prevent their children from developing or treating a diaper rash. This trend ordain only continue into the future and JNJ ineluctably to reserve this in mind when developing a new product.Market ResearchIn assemble for Johnson and Johnson to get a new prod uct to the right consumer, they must first-year divide the market and then grade a smaller chance of that market. The play of partitioning is basically those bribeers JNJ is flavor for that share the uni general anatomy involve and realize equivalent acquire behaviors. The subroutine of segmentation allows cuting see the same needs and obtaining behaviors they are look for in a target market. There are several ways segmentation foot help JNJ to regulate their target consumers. They include the geography, the psychographics, neighborly-cultural graphics, and demography. Johnson and Johnson impart micturate to prize all four bases in order to find an ideal customer.The geographical base is probably the to the lowest degree of import factor on the segmentation criteria, although it is crucial, there are some other factors that are more crucial. Depending on where the consumers lead astray and live locoweed likewise depend on availability of a product. I f a consumer lives in a more rural area, there may not be a statistical distribution of the new product. However, the net has do it possible to reach consumers in remote areas and make it possible for them to buy products that are not purchasable in their area.The psychographics of the targeted consumers is one of the most important aspects on what leave behind make the consumer buy into the product. Since our new product is tell towards convenience and prevention, we want to know what the lifestyles of our consumers are like. Specifically, we are tone for parents who are on the go, but are still come to for their childs healthcare. This new product testament bust suit those parents who are very active in their daily lives.The behavior bases such as the social-graphics render a sense of reassurance to all current JNJ customers. The fundamental objective of Johnson & Johnson is to provide scientifically sound, high calibre products and services to help heal, cure disease and improve the quality of life.(Johnson and Johnson.com, 2002) Many people buy these products because JNJ is a well established company that has been around since 1886 therefore, some of these consumers entrust want to see arduous out a new and improved product. withal the fact that most of JNJ products are pediatrician recommended has in itself helped to establish the level of send consumers feel towards the brand and know that these products get outing not harm their children.The demographics for this new product leave be the most important factor for the targeted market. The consumers age go away typically define what maturity level is buying the product. Typically aged parents ranging in age from 25 years to 35 years have the means to take better of their childrens healthcare needs than younger parents ranging in age from 16 years to 25 years. The parents in the older age bracket are generally better established in their liberal-time careers, both work full-time jobs and are always on the go whereas, the younger parents are badepose trying to get a head start and tummy not soften the convenience.Family size is as well another factor because the bountifulr the family, the more apparent the parents are relate with the embody of the product. Studies have shown that smaller families are more forgeting to try new products and are not as concerned with the price as bigger families tend to be. Occupation is another important factor of demographics. With rising cost most families need dual incomes in order to cover their cost of living. As a result of both parents working, parents are more strapped for time therefore, if a product proves to be more convenient they may be pull up stakesing to repair a small extra for this convenience.After analyzing all the segmented bases we are closer to realizing the target market of consumers for this product. We have found that the target market for our product is the older parents as opposed to the very young ones who have one or two children. The majority of our market lead be families with dual incomes looking for the convenience that our product testament offer to them. This market volition buy our product out-of-pocket to the level of invest they have in our brand from pediatrician recommendations and brand recognition. Most likely these parents impart be from urban and metropolis areas who allow have blowzy access to our product as a result of our distribution. However, mostimportantly our target market leave alone be parents who want to make sure their children are healthy and free from any infections or irritations due to diaper rashes, but at the same time looking for the convenience of this 2 in 1 product.Competitors and the private-enterprise(a) LandscapeJNJ has created a revolutionary product, a 2-in-1 diaper with diaper rash cream that makes changing diapers easier for the consumer. This no mess, one step diaper promises to prevent non-fungal diaper rash inste ad of just treating it. JNJ already has over 50 years of down with its current diaper rash product Balmex. JNJ decided to take its very effective, well known diaper rash cream and total a new twist. Now parents leave not only treat a baby for diaper rash, but they leave behind prevent non-fungal rashes from occurring.One puzzle that JNJ faces is anticipating who leave alone buy this product and how much one allow for pay for this convenience this product offers. Since there is currently no partage point like this diaper on the market, there is no secondary research for JNJ to build upon. The only facts that JNJ has is the effectiveness and popularity of Balmex. Before JNJ can present this product to the public it must conduct chief(a) research to chance whether or not the diaper can compete in the market of diapers and diaper rash creams.JNJ has a long history with its customers and has been able to successfully act their needs over this period of time. JNJ first began in 1887 with creating sterile bandaging for surgical procedures, reducing the risk of infection. By 1897 they were named The Most Trusted yell in Surgical Dressings (J&J, 2006). In 1890, JNJ baby powder, the original treatment of diaper rash was recruitd. In 1948, JNJ was the first company to create the disposable diaper (GPOABS). In 1951, Balmex was created to treat diaper rash (J&J, 2006). It was not until 1961 that Pampers were introduced and in 1968 Huggies crap the market (GPOABS, 2005).JNJ has been caring for families for over a century in a variety of ways. Not only did JNJ score over 90 percent of surgical dressings in the late 1800s, but they protected families during the Great imprint by assuring none of the workers lost their jobs. JNJ has excessively protected families through its products and pharmaceuticals (J&J, 2006). This extensive historyprovides JNJ with a loyal consumer base, and the knowledge of filling the needs and wants of its consumers.While JNJ does not currently market a diaper, it has made diapers in the past. JNJ too has the utility of studying other companies diapers and under(a)standing what works best and why. through and through this secondary research that was available to JNJ we are able to create a diaper that could promise the same breathable, stretchable, compact fit that other diapers offer. Now JNJ can exceed what the other diapers promise, by being able to provide the first diaper that pull up stakes prevent non-fungal diaper rashes.These new diapers willing not only prevent diaper rash and be just as comfortable as other diapers, they will cost the same amount as Pampers, the current most expensive diapers. Since most families are always on-the-go, the hassle of applying messing diaper rash cream in n both convenient nor time saving. A baby with diaper rash also means a baby that is more irritable from skin irritation. JNJ diapers will prevent non-fungal rashes reducing a babys yellow bile from rashes. JNJ s diapers will be both convenient by eliminating the need for excess messy products and provide the baby with healthier skin that is not provided by the competitors.It is crucial for a company such as JNJ to market their new product line accordingly to add to their success. They must be able to communicate their marketing message in such a way that their targeted group will be interested in what they have to offer. By using their available resources to the fullest extent, they will be able to generate more revenue. The goal to promoting the new product line is to be acquaint with the selected buyers. Since this will be a completely new product for this industry and company, JNJ has to take on a strong position and really be prepared to overcome the challenges that may arise.JNJ must consider what their consumers are looking for in a diaper. If they can successfully determine the needs and wants of those purchase diapers, they will be able to expand their cliental. They should tre asure their current customer base and determine how to maintain their allegiance whenpurchasing diapers. By identifying their current market group and considering some of their demographics such as income and also looking into their life-style, how often will they need or use the product and the loyalty of their customer base.Another important factor for the marketing plan is to concentrate on more on the benefits of the product. They must pay special attention to the hold needs of the purchaser. They must be able to understand and deliver how a customer will bread by this new product. Recognizing the needs of the consumers will help in convincing them to buy their products, which will lead to more sales revenue. Consumers are really buying products that will bring them convenience, save money and time. The more JNJ knows astir(predicate) their customers and competitors the more they will be successful. Since this product line will be completely new, they must work out all the n egative draw sanctions that may come up so it does not affect the companys reputation as a family affable organization.This product will be targeted to the type of parents that want convenience and with the least amount of hassle that will fit into their active schedules of juggling work and raising a family at the same time. At JNJ the company understands the need to make life as easy as possible for these working parents and has discovered this new market opportunity that has the potential to be a highly demanded product in the disposable diaper industry.In the unite States, $8.5 billion a year is spent on disposable diapers. Currently there are two big companies who own a fully grown office of this market, Procter & Gamble (Pampers) and Kimberly-Clark (Huggies). JNJ does not currently produce diapers however, they have developed a brand association amongst parents of being a dependable and veritable company for their childcare needs. Obviously, the companys main introducto ryity is to increase sales and profits for the company however, they also wish to sustain the aver that has developed through the years with a new product that is what the consumer wants, needs and depends upon.Using the five-step marketing research approach, JNJ has developed the route for the new product JNJ Diapers with Balmex. measuring one requires that research objectivesare set by having a clear understanding about the type of research infallible to introduce the product to the market. By using casual research, JNJ will try to determine if adding diaper rash cream to diapers will actually motivate consumers to buy the product. Casual research tries to determine if a change in one factor changes another one. This type of research would best suit the purpose of JNJ because Balmex is a product that already works however, the company hopes to make that product even better and create the need and demand in the targeted market. stones throw two is to develop the research plan by specifying the constraints on the research activity, identifying the selective knowledge call for for marketing decisions, and determining how to collect the entropy (Kerin, Hartley, Berkowitz & Rudelius, 2006). The constraints on this project fall heavily on time and money needed to do research however, JNJ is a large community that can pass on the necessary funds to develop and do the required R&D. stock-still so, it is important to establish the budget and time that will be allocated to this research. The type of data that is needed needs to be collected by sample from a nation that is most likely to use the diaper. This product is targeted to a specific market and for that reason there must be a parameter set up with precise rules to select that sample. This type of sampling is referred to as probability sampling.Step three is collecting relevant in dramatis personaeation. Since this product has neer been developed before, it is important to collect primary data for t his research by using questionnaire data smirchd in specific magazines targeted towards parents. Also Internet surveys will be conducted on JNJ websites. JNJ will offer incentives to those that act in these surveys by sending free samples of existing product lines. By offering these types of incentives JNJ hope not only to target the specific diaper market, but possibly develop a wider consumer base for existing products.Step four is the development of the findings collected. After relevant information has been collected the data needs to be dissectd carefully. The last step will require JNJ to implement a marketing action once all data has been reviewed and possible recommendations have been considered. Finally,JNJ will need to constantly evaluate the results by comparing profits with goals established for this product.Positioning and DifferentiationJNJs new rash-free diaper will be more convenient and effective for parents compared to what is offered by the other leading brands . This will give JNJ a competitive advantage over the market place with a product that is differentiated amongst existing products and will help them to derive a customer base in a heavily dominated market.What differentiates JNJs product from all the other products is that the new diaper is a modification to an existing product. JNJ does not currently produce diapers, however they do produce and sell diaper rash cream. This new product will be a combination of both products and will add efficiency and effectiveness for the parents when changing their babys diapers. It will also aid with the prevention of diaper rashes for small children and give parents a new option when choosing a diaper for their childcare needs.JNJ will have to continue to redesign and improve their product process. One of the key factors to office this new product is through the research and development. This is where they can solve any current problems they may have against the product and through technolog y help aid in new findings and possibly better the product with new inventions. Research and development needs to be an ongoing process that never stops because it wont take long before the competitors are doing it better and more efficient than you are.JNJ has already positioned themselves as a habitual household name. Many consumers feel a certain level of trust when hearing or seeing their famous trademark because JNJ has been in the health and baby care business for the past 60 years. JNJ is committed to back up people live longer and healthier lives. Since JNJ has already established a large consumer base, the immediate challenge will be to heavily promote this new product into their existing product lines.Product Life CycleThe first step in the product life make pass of JNJs new baby diaper is the market introduction. The initial mindset is that saleswill be low as customers will not be aware(p) of nor will they be looking for a diaper made by JNJ. Promotion will be essen tial during the introduction stage. Even with remarkable promotion, it may take some time for potential customers to learn about the availability and the advantages of using JNJs new diaper. JNJ further expects to come a loss on this product during the initial market introduction due to product, promotion and place expenses. JNJ should expect a prolonged introduction soma because it is trying to take a share of an established market. Customers who are mental object with their current diaper choice may not be in like manner eager to switch brands. The most likely customer will be people who have become recent parents and have received miscellaneous types of promotion from JNJ.The next phase in JNJs new diaper life cycle is the market growth stage. JNJ expects both new and undergo parents to purchase the new rash free diaper. During the market growth stage, JNJ will experience quick growth and exposure. The diaper will initially experience strong profits. During this phase, JN J will experience its largest profits from this new product. It is JNJs expectation that the competitors will produce a similar product in or so three months from the market introduction. If JNJ ignores the competition during this stage, it could be devastating to the success of this product. It will be essential to the success of this product to win over and maintain the customers who are already using JNJ baby care products by stressing and promoting the trust that they have developed through the years with their Balmex diaper rash cream.The three phase of JNJs new rash free diaper will be the maturity stage. During this stage the competition will get stiffer and JNJ should expect lower prices from the competitors. The competitors may also spend more money on promotion while fighting to keep their share of the market. The competitors have a lot at stake and will fight sturdy to keep their customers. During this stage JNJ needs to concentrate of reinventing the product by consid ering revisions to the marketing desegregate primarily concentreing on promotion.The last stage in the new diapers life cycle will be the sales decline stage. The primary reason for sales to decline is a vigorous product war from thecompetitors. They will essentially duplicate JNJs new diaper and try to make it better. They will lower their prices and spend more on promotion. At this stage, the competitors will usually drive the small organizations out of business. However, lucky for JNJ, the company is too large to be easily driven out of the market place therefore, the other diaper companies will have to fight long and hard to hold on to as much of their customer base as possible by relying on generational experience and loyalty.The fall in States is experiencing rapid population growth which means new families are being created everyday. This is commodity news for JNJ as new families develop new potential customers are born everyday. Between July 2004 and July 2005, the coun tries population grew by 2.8 million people. The southwest portion of the United States saw the most growth. California has remained the most populous state in the country with 36.1 million people. Nevada has been the fastest growing state for 19 consecutive years with a growth rate of 3.5%.Arizona is a close second with a growth rate of just under 3.5% (U.S. enumerate, 2005). JNJ must concentrate developing new life cycles and reinventing the product in areas with monumental growth patterns. With the right strategy JNJ will overcome the sales decline phase by reintroducing the rash free diaper to new families by including the new diapers into the marketing mix already in place for other JNJ products.Marketing MixProduct StrategyThe JNJ pre-medicated diapers are made with the same high quality cotton as their sterile surgical supplies. The otter shell is soft to hang and breathable. There is elastic around the legs and back allowing for baby to instill freely without the parents need to fear of leaking. There is a tab on either side of the waist that is re-adjustable. The center of the diaper is filled with a teetotal gelatin substance that is capable of absorbing 500 milliliters of fluid. The inner liner of the diaper is made of cotton and has a very thin bed of Balmex applied in a three inch by sixer inch area. Last there is a wax paper cover over the Balmex which must be re go forwardd before the diaper is applied. Each diaper is wrapped in an airtight thin plastic pouch.These pre-medicated diapers are designed with the concept of keeping ababies skin healthy. For that reason all materials used are hypo-allergenic and have been tested of a variety of skin types. tout ensemble materials used are breathable and latex free. None of the materials used have been tested on animals. The diapers are guaranteed to keep fresh as long as outer plastic bag is kept intact. If there should be some malfunction of the diaper or should the baby develop a reaction JNJ will refund the full purchase cost.Place StrategyJohnson & Johnson foresees the new rash free diaper being carried primarily as retail item. These retail stores would probably include baby care sections and a wide array of baby care products. These stores are usually located in or near densely populated areaswith a large and divers(a) customer base. Due to the explosion of urban sprawl and rapid population growth, more families shop at these types of retail outlets.Before organizational buyers begin to stretch forth our unique product, we will conduct surveys to help us narrow down the right consumer groups. Data from the surveys taken will determine whether or not this product would be viable in a market that is diverse and unpredictable. Price, place, promotions, and our product must be considered. Targeting marketable locations through marketing surveys will help us to better understand the locations that we will make our product available and it will also enable us to create a average price that will meet our costs and profit requirements and those of the consumers buying our product. Promotions through personal selling, sales promotions, public relations, direct mail, trade fairs, exhibitions, advertising and sponsorship will help us to create the demand and the cognisance of our new product.Retail stores are mostly profit organizations that are concerned with revenue. If the organization is unable to make a certain amount of profit they simply choose not to carry our new product. That is why it is so important that we price this product correctly to not only meet the needs and wants of our own and those of our consumers, but also to meet the needs of the organizational buyer. These diapers must also be a product that is demanded by the consumer in order for the retail stores to continue stocking our products. If we are not successful in generating a significant amount ofdemand, these retail stores will simply burst their purchasing of our new prod uct line. Retail generally desires a high enumeration turnover rate. They expect JNJ to heavily promote their new product in order to create the demand and if successful will continue to stock our product as long as they continue to move off of their shelves.Another retail concern is the availability of the product. Stores and their consumers do not like to be told that a particular item is on back order. When a store sells items they need to fill that spot on the ledge quickly so more items can be offered for sale. It is a very frustrating situation when the demand for a product can not be met not only for the consumer but the organizational buyer as well. This type of situation results in a significant loss of revenue for the organizational buyer and upsets the consumer that relies on the store to carry the product and will result in loss of business for all parties involved in the transaction. That is why it is very important for our company to understand what that demand will b e and have the product available to meet those demands.The diaper has to be consistent with the stores existing product mix. Some retail stores and supermarkets consistently carry baby items while others tend to specialize in just a few specific items. Most important, the product must work and be free of defects. No retail store wants to be associated with a big recall.Another prospective organizational buyer will be daycares and hospitals. These types of venues will offer a great opportunity to introduce our product to consumers. Hospitals will require diapers for newborn babies and ill baby patients. Not only will they desire a service contract but also hospitals tend to give out care packs to the babies families when they leave the hospital. Care packs contain baby products including diapers and coupons. Hospitals will expect a certain amount of promotional products. day care Centers commonly stock baby care products. Again, this is a great opportunity to establish a relationshi p with consumers. Daycares contract with companies such as Huggies or Pampers in order to purchase diapers in bulk.Diaper consumers will be family oriented men and woman from a wide range of social economic levels. Many first time parents will be in an experimental stage. They will try different diapers and see what appeals to them the most. Most new parents rely on care packages and samples at the start of parenthood until they form preferences. Children are expensive and parents quickly learn that price is a significant factor. Parents who have experienced diaper rash will want to prevent future occurrences. An experienced parent may be attracted to a diaper that has the cream included as opposed to one where the parent needs to get their hands messy with diaper rash cream. Due to this experience, it is easy to see how pre-medicated baby diapers can save time, money, and frustration leading to happier moms, dads, and babies. set StrategyIdentifying a pricing strategy for this new diaper will be based on what the competition is already doing in the marketplace. JNJ has decided to price the new diaper at the same price as other leading brands. This will give the company a competitive advantage since consumers can try the convenience that the new diaper offers without the cost of having to pay more. This diaper will understandably cost more to produce than the diapers produced by the competition resulting in a loss of profits, however JNJ needs to gain a share of the marketplace and sometimes high markups do not always mean big profit (Perrerult & McCarthy, 2004).The pricing strategies will be closely tied to that of the competitors passim the product cycle. JNJ is prepared for the competition to introduce their own version of the product however, they will continue to base their marketing strategies on the experience and trust of Balmex that has been established for the past 50 years. The makers of Pampers and Huggies currently do not produce or have any exp erience with diaper rash cream and this will be a major advantage for JNJ. Discounts for the product will be offered to new mothers in part of the care package they receive from the hospitals. These discounts will result in a fair amount of profit loss, but hopefully help JNJ to establish a new consumer base.JNJ realizes competition will be intense amongst the other leading brands,but JNJ has the advantage of being a successful and large organization that can withstand the heavy blows that will inevitably be thrown by its competitors. Through constant research, JNJ will continue to find new and innovative ideas to differentiate themselves from their competitors.Promotion StrategyIn July 2007, one month precedent to the public launch of the champagne, JNJ will provide free samples to be distributed throughout hospitals and pediatricians offices. These samples will provide money saving coupons and an online diaper club membership. This online diaper club will allow parents to leave r eviews and recommendations for the diaper, communicate with other parents, and appease them to future promotional savings. The diaper club is free, but exclusively for JNJ customers.JNJ will then launch its public diaper champagne in shocking 2007. This is the usual time when school starts and parents become busier. The promotional angle will be to help simplify and expedite the care of infants and allowing more time with older children. This will allow for the new diaper to circulate for two months before the holiday season. During the holiday season, JNJ will offer addition coupons to increase sales as gift items and personal use purchases. Since the holidays are full of busy schedules and parties to attend, parents can find piece of mind knowing that the new JNJ diapers will grant them much needed time, by reducing the time of diaper changes and eliminating the need to carry excess supplies.JNJ is anticipating competition around April 2008, when other diaper manufactures will b e producing their own pre-medicated diapers. At that time JNJ will have a promotional program to match the price of its competitors, should their diaper be less expensive. JNJ will already have a customer base by that time, and with the diaper club will be able to make any necessary changes to their product. After the introduction of competitors, JNJ will nidus mainly on the trust that has been developed with their name.In August 2008, JNJ will offer all current customers a substantial money saving coupon, to help celebrate their one year birthday. After this one year mark, JNJ will continue to offer savings through mail and online diaperprogram, and with the anniversary of their diapers. The diaper will be promoted the same way as the rest of their baby products. Hospitals that currently use JNJ baby products will also be provided with free sample diapers and coupons for all parents.Advertising PlanJNJ pre-medicated diaper advertising will first appear on their website four months prior to the become of the product. Parents can click on this advertisement a chose to be one of the first to use the product for free and provide feedback. Two months prior to release of the diaper, JNJ will begin advertising through commercials. These commercials will focus on the health of babies skin, how messy tradition diaper rash creams are, and the busy hectic lives of parents.One month before the product is launched samples of the diaper will be dispersed to parents in hospitals. Two weeks prior to product release, coupons will be sent out in all newspapers. On all sample products and coupons the website for the baby diaper club will be intelligibly printed. All parents signing-up in the diaper club will receive a welcome package with samples of diapers and other JNJ baby products.When diaper is released, large displays will be set up in major retail stores that already sell other JNJ products. Free samples will be provided along with information on diaper rashes and how to care for a babies sensitive skin. Knowledgeable JNJ round will man each display for the first 3 weekends the product is sell to answer questions and provide information to parents. Pamphlets will be available showing the clinical results of the diapers as well as access to the website.After the initial launch of the product, JNJ will continue to advertise their diapers in the same fashion as they do their other baby products. Through commercials on television, to Internet advertisements, to newspaper circulars there will be a very limited number of Americans who have not heard of JNJs new pre-medicated diaper. After one year of use and exposure in the United States, JNJ will launch its diaper throughout the world.Public Relation OpportunityMedia reporting and endorsements from various groups such as First Five will elevate the Companys image. JNJ has had a long history of quality products and quality customer service. Some may say that developing an innovative procession to the diaper is long over due for a prestigious corporation such as JNJ. The development of a diaper that prevents diaper rash will create a renewed awareness for the JNJ Corporation and all of its products. This product will remind people of JNJ commitment to quality and innovation. beam ManagementChannel management is as important as setting a reasonable price, providing a quality product and having adequate promotion. JNJ must get the product to the customer in a convenient and timely fashion. Essentially JNJ must keep the selves stock wherever perspective customers expect to find diapers. JNJ will apply a variety of distribution conduct from direct to mediate. JNJ will use a mix of selective origins as well as extensive strains.JNJ will use direct and indirect channels to reach the consumer. For example JNJ will sell directly to large hospitals and medical groups. Since hospitals and medical groups are going to be parents first introduction to baby products JNJ will directly contact these organizations and attempt to form contracts with them. Having JNJs new diaper being used in hospitals and clinics is also a type of promotion for the new product. JNJ will not rely on a middleman to gain such an important business relationship.Another direct channel JNJ will use is their subsidiary, Baby Center. Through the website, Baby Center, JNJ has embrace technology as a form of make perspective customers. Baby Center is an interactive information center on the Internet. In addition to researching and networking with others parents can order products directly from the Internet site.An indirect channel of distribution will be large retailer stores. JNJ will not deal with small stores, as they do not move enough inventory. These retail chains have huge distribution centers strategically located to service their stores. JNJ would deliver their product to these largedistribution centers and they the somebody chains would worry about getting the product to the selves . Ideally, JNJ wants to move as much product as possible to as few locations as possible. Then the middlemen or retail chains would take it from that point forward.JNJ will practice intensive channel distribution. JNJ expects the majority of retail stores that historically carry baby products to carry JNJs baby diaper. Examples of retailer stores JNJ may use are Wal-Mart, Target, Kmart, Costco, Sams Club, Walgreens, Sav-On and Rite-Aid. All large supermarket chains would also carry the new diaper. JNJ wants this new diaper to be as available to the consumer as any other diaper. JNJs position is not to make the diaper a specialty item that is difficult to locate. JNJs aim is to make their diaper a wise and simple alternative to the conventional diapers.JNJ will utilize contractual agreements whenever possible. Contracts will enable JNJ to monitor their inventories coming in from China. These inventories can be trucked directly from the docks to the various regional retailer distribut ion centers. Storing inventory is very expensive therefore JNJ will strategically plan outturn levels based on contractual agreements. JNJ will use the same distribution channels used for other baby products therefore shipping costs will be nominal.One way to create a channel is if the retailer is motivated to sell JNJ product. Initially JNJ may have to offer a better profit margin for their diapers than the competitors. This will create channel motivation where the retailers will push JNJs diaper over the competitors. By creating this channel motivation, some of the retailers may even promote the diaper on their own to make more sales.The other way to create a channel of motivation is if the consumer is asking for the product. This is why the marketing mix is integrated. If JNJ created a quality product, the price is right and it has been promoted well then there will be a consumer demand for the product. This demand will pull the product through the distribution channel to the se lves. When the customerbegins pulling the product through the distribution channels JNJ will not have to push so much and lower the retailers profit margin.Fortunately JNJ already has a full range of baby products. JNJ will continue to use the same format for their diapers as they do for their other baby products. JNJ gross sales and Logistics division will be the primary contact for JNJ retail customers. These teams will take orders and ship directly to the retailers regional distribution centers.Budget PlanIn 2005, JNJ spent approximately $6.5 billion in research and development for future products. The amount of this investment for research & development shows that JNJ deems it imperative to invest heavily in order to realize company goals and future growth. JNJ showed expansive sales at $50 billion in their 2005 Statement of Earnings, 29% of these sales were contributed to their consumer goods sector. Using this information and ratios to sales we will visualise a budget plan for the product development of Balmex Diapers.The following is a communicate forecast for the Profit and Loss Statement of Balmex Diapers for Q1Johnson & Johnson Balmex Diapers (Dollars in Millions)Consolidated Statement of EarningsSales to customers $ 375Cost of products sold 104Gross profit 271ExpensesSelling, general, marketing andadministrative expenses 158Research expense 48Purchased in-process research anddevelopment 13219Net earnings 52Our projections take into rate the heavy investment costs associated with product development like new capital assets, additional personnel, market research, patents and testing processes to launch the new product. We forecast that we will make a profit in the Q1 of $52 million. However, incessant research will be needed throughout the product cycle to gain superiority and growth in the diaper industry.monitorIt is critical in the marketing plan for researchers to continue to monitor the expectations, wants, and needs of their consumers sinc e they change constantly. By having a monitor process in place they are able to bridle within the competitive market. However, this is not the only superviseprocess they will have, there are several other monitoring processes JNJ will have in place in order to achieve success with their new product. The use of the SWOTT analysis also helps to monitor the external and natural marketing environment and what factors affect it. Business behavior must also be monitored and evaluated periodically because it affects the occupation of the product. This new product will also be monitored through the pharmaceutical alliances in order to ensure they are within medical compliance standards.The internet has helped in the monitoring process. This is where the consumers will find out more about JNJs products and issues. They can also find opinions, other consumer insights, feedback on the products strengths and weaknesses, comparing prices, customer contentment, and distribution concerns. Bec ause the internet has such a broad space for a marketing auditory modality, the product must be clearly defined to the targeted audience. The audience will give continuous feedback so it will be critical for JNJ to keep the monitoring of the internet communication, maintenance, and sales results.Continually observing and analyzing the SWOT of JNJ will allow them to remain on the competitive market as a new product line is launched. Analyzing and preparing for the internal and external factors that are affecting their business with this new medicated diaper will put them into a lead position. vocalization of the monitoring process will also have them seek out potential sources that will provide them strength and filter through marketing weaknesses. The marketing environment is constantly changing therefore JNJ will have to develop knowledge on the current trends of their specific industry. Johnson and Johnson strongly believes in protecting the environment and the natural resources they use and in order to hang on true to their promise they must continue environmental monitoring for their products.Monitoring consumer expectations and satisfaction is important to the success of a new product as well. The company will want to ensure the customers are satisfied with the product. By monitoring these results they will be able to determine whether production will need to make more or less of the item.Sales results can be monitored through how umpteen rebates or coupons have been redeemed during purchases. In the beginning phases of the new launch, more production will be needed in order to advertise it. But once it is being advertised, monitoring the satisfaction of the customer through surveys will give feedback. As feedback is being given, they are able to amend any errors or oversights right away.The company behavior is closely observed because this is where the ethical and social responsibilities of Johnson and Johnson employees are involved. All the focus ha s now turned to the consumers and JNJ needs to ensure their buyers are blissful with the service and quality of their products they have purchased.Johnson and Johnson will consider outsourcing a third gear party vendor such as an audit team to judge their customer performance versus the companys performance. This can also be done through recent purchase surveys and having a customer satisfaction phone number on the product for a consumer to call in to voice their opinion about the product. It can be set up in an open forum to allow for comments, suggestions, or complaints. On the other hand an audit team can also be set up for the medical part of product. This audit will make certain JNJ is within medical guidelines since this new product will have medication.EvaluatingIn order for a large company such as JNJ to be successful with a new product, they must have adequate determine processes in place. JNJ will have the four major control plans in place which are annual-plan control , profitability control, efficiency control, and strategic control. There will be different job families responsible to ensure they have control over these. As they all work together it will meet the objectives to produce results.According to the textbook, Marketing Management, in chapter 2 is states companies can use Market Opportunity Analysis (MOA) to determine the attractiveness and probability of success. In this plate JNJ will be able to exercise this feature in order to measure out the effectiveness of themarketing plan they are looking for. They will be able to mostly narrow down the targeted audience and reach them more cost-effectively. JNJ will also be able to analyze whether they will be able to provide the best products for their consumers rather than the competitors and will it still meet the companys budget.All these factors must be evaluated during the MOA. (Kotler and Keller 2006)It is clearly mostly important for JNJ to evaluate and consider their strengths and we akness in their SWOT analysis. They will want to improve on their weak points. If they are not aware of their major weaknesses and opportunities it can damage the brand element and image they have work so hard to set. If during an evaluation process they realize sales numbers are not coming in as they projected, they will have to analyze the corrective action to the problem. Some things they may want to consider might be to drop the production down on the item until they can figure out where the problem is and why people are not interested in it.Part of the evaluation process is the company must understand and evaluate what the consumer is looking for. Customers are always looking for benefit to satisfy a need. As consumers are devising purchases they will go through a slant of alternatives on which product they should purchase. As they are doing this, this is where JNJ must come in strong with they brand element such as their logo, symbol, character, and slogan. Since JNJ has bee n around for many years people are familiar with their products and services. Customers will also evaluate and associate one bad experience as a lifetime connection. If something ever went wrong, they would remember that when evaluating whether they would by a JNJ product.ControlMaking sure all controls are in place will ensure profitability and results. An annual-plan control ensures that JNJ waistcloth within their goal according to their annual plan of sales, profits, and any other goals they might have set. Senior management will set a goal for the company as a whole and then goals will be dispersed between all other groups within the companies to stay within the group goal. Profitability control ensures they company is always making a profit. They is main responsibility of the marketing director since this person is who get the name and product out to the public which will generate more sales and profits for a company.If theyare able to create an minute marketing strategy and consumers are consistently buying in, they will have successfully completed the job requirements. Efficiency control makes sure the completed staff is aware of the staying within a budget of marketing expenses which will increase the advertising campaigns, sales force, and distribution of the new item. Lastly, strategic control accounts for pursing the best opportunities on which markets to search for and the channels to get there can be done through a meticulous audit team.ReferencesGPOABS (2005). Diaper Evolution Time Line. Retrieved June18, 2006, from http//www.gpoabs.comJohnson & Johnson (2006). Johnson & Johnson. Retrieved June 18, 2006, from http//www.jnj.comKerin, R. A., Hartley, S. W., Rudelius, W., & Berdowitz, E. N. (2006). Marketing (8th ed.). New York McGraw-Hill.Kotler, K. (2006). Marketing Management (12th ed.). New York Prentice-Hall.Perreault, W. D., & McCarthy, E. J. (2004). Basic Marketing (15th ed.). New York McGraw-Hill.United States Department of Commerce Cens us Bureau (2005, December 22). Retrieved June 21, 2006, from http//www.census.gov