Reproductive Health Bill Essay

The Reproductive Health Bill is a law in the Philippines that guarantee universal access to methods on contraception, fertility control, sexual education, birth control and maternal care. This bill or law is to provide the poor with reproductive health services, including access to contraceptives, and sex education to school children. That is why the priests and the church officials are not in favour of this bill because for them it is against the law of GOD, and some people disagree to use it because there is a rumours that after you use contraceptives you’ll get sick. In my point of view, I thought this argument is unnecessary for me to know because I’m just a student and I thought at first this bill is useless to the people after I read it, it is useful to the Philippines. This bill must be known to all the Filipinos out there. To me, I guess I am a Pro-RH bill because I am aware to what is happening to country right now, it can help our country seize the blooming population of our country and I believe that lazy and irrelevant parenthood is one of the main problem why there is POVERTY. We can build a nation that can provide need to our family. A nation that can follow fast to the new century and can never be left behind. Because of POVERTY, our country is being pulled down. And this bill can help for the couples married or unmarried because it contributes more to the knowledge to couples to have a good family planning. We all know that couples demand to have sexual intercourse and so by these, they can ensure a happy family and will not boost in numbers. And another thing is the Sex Education, to me I approve this so the students can help especially, their young minds to decrease the pregnancies of teens. I know I’m against the church and the law of God but I can see the future, if the population keep increasing fast trash will increase also, it is like in the movie â€Å"Wall-E†, so for me I agree to this bill. Another thing, if the church always agree to the laws of the government there would be many laws that can  help this country. I’m not saying that I’m against the church and God, I’m also a Catholic but we must see that our country is IMPROVING.

Master

It includes: copying information directly from the Web or books without referencing the material; submitting Joint coursework as an individual effort; copying another student's rework; stealing coursework from another student and submitting it as your own work. Suspected plagiarism will be investigated and if found to have occurred will be dealt with according to the procedures set down by ELLS. Please see your student handbook for further details of what is / Isn't plagiarism.Assignment Regulations 1 Learners are required to submit their work using the ELLS Assessment cover sheet. 2 You are required to submit your assignment electronically on Mayhap – mayhap. Molly's. Com If you need an extension (even for one day) for a valid reason, you must request one, using a reasonable adjustment form available from the Academic Admit Office. Do not ask the lecturers responsible for the course – they are not authorized to award an extension.The completed form must be accompanied by evidence such as a medical certificate in the event of you being sick. 4 General guidelines for submission of assignment: a) All work must be word-processed and must be of â€Å"good† standard. B) Document margins shall not be more than 2. CM or less than 1. CM c)Font size In the range of be of a common standard such as Arial or Times New Roman for the main text. D) Any computer files generated such as program code (software), graphic files that arm part of the course work must be submitted either online or with the documentation.The answers show that an effective approach to study and research has been applied within the scenarios e. G. Comparing concepts, theories and models. MM Select/design and apply appropriate methods/techniques A range of methods and techniques have been applied. A range of sources of information used The selection of methods and techniques/ sources Justified Complex information/data has been synthesized and processed Appropriate learning methods/te chniques applied. A range of sources have been used to address the tasksMM Present and communicate appropriate findings Appropriate structure and approach has been used. Accurately used A range of methods of presentation has been used Appropriate media used Familiar and unfamiliar contexts have been used. It is appropriate for familiar and unfamiliar audiences Logical and coherent arguments have been presented with technical language accurately used in both tasks Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and Justify valid conclusions Synthesis has been used to generate and Justify valid conclusions The validity of exults have been evaluated using defined criteria. Realistic improvements have been proposed against defined characteristics for success Realistic improvements have been proposed against defined characteristics for success DO Take responsibility for managing and organizing activities Autonomy / independence demonstrated The unforeseen has been accommodated The importanc e of interdependence has been recognized High autonomy and independence have been demonstrated.Tasks have been attempted with minimum assistance provided by the tutor DO Demonstrate convergent/lateral/ creative thinking sessions taken Self-evaluation has taken place Convergent and lateral thinking have been applied. Problems have been solved Innovation and creative thought have been applied. Receptiveness to new ideas has been demonstrated. Ideas generated and Effective thinking has taken place in unfamiliar contexts.Innovation and creative thought have been applied when addressing both tasks Classic Badges Company Brief Classic Badges Company is in the early stages of setting up as a new mini enterprise which will sell custom made badges to local companies. They are hoping to target he local authority, schools, youth organizations, health service and local dental surgeries. They plan to sell badges which can be tailored to individual needs. The knowledge, effective communication me dia with the suppliers and potential customers such as the local authority, school etc who may be interested in buying the badges.Charles needs a team to take responsibility for the setting up of the company and the communication media to be used to promote the badges. You have been selected as one of the team members to work on this project. You are to collaborate with team members to set up Classic Badges Company. Note: Use the above scenario to answer ONLY TASK 1 ; 2. And read through all of the tasks carefully so that you know what you will need to do to complete this assignment in a fully written report. Tasks 1 – Understand how to assess information and knowledge needs 1 . : In Setting up Classic Badges Company, what are the major range of decisions to be taken? Discuss 1. 2: Identify and examine the kind of information and knowledge needed to ensure that an effective decisions are taken. 1. 3: List and assess internal and external sources of information required and Ju stify heir suitability and reliability for this project. 1. 4: Recommend any improvements in the use of different kinds or sources information and knowledge for the setting up of this project.Tasks 2 – Be able to create strategies to increase personal networking to widen involvement in the decision making process. 2. 1: There are several stakeholders in involved in this project, what contributions would you expect from the different stakeholders during a specific decision making process? 2. 2: An effective business relationship with these stakeholders is important. Discuss ethos of contact that will enhance business relationship with stakeholders. 2. 3: Prepare a plan on how to involve those identified in the decision making for this project.You may consider a stakeholder communication plan or a decision making action plan. 2. 4: To improve on involving others in the decision making process for this project, it is important to improve on your personal networking skills. What strategy would you Tasks 3 – Be able to develop communication processes Using the context of your current or previous workplace, prepare a report addressing he following issues but first you'll need to provide a brief business overview (business description, legal status, mission statement, general information, product/ service description). . 1 : Report on existing processes of communication in this organization. 3. 2: Identify the pitfalls existing in the current communication processes and design ways to improve it. 3. 3: Recommend the improvements that need to be implemented to ensure greater integration of systems of communication in that organization. 3. 4: Create a personal plan to improve own communication skills. Tasks 4 – Be able to improve systems relating to information and knowledge Complete this part of your report using the same chosen organization in Task 3: 4. : Report on existing approaches to the collection, formatting, storage and dissemination of i nformation and knowledge in this organization. 4. 2: Discuss the appropriate changes that need to be carried out to improve the collection, formatting, storage and dissemination of information and knowledge in this organization. 4. 3: Recommend a strategy that needs to be implemented to improve access to systems of information and knowledge in this organization. Master A metal made up of a combination of two or more materials. Atmospheric pressure The weight of air creates a pressure on the Earth's surface and the pressure exerted by the weight of air pressing down on the ground below will vary depending on the ground's height above sea level. Boiling When a liquid vaporizes. Capillary action When water is drawn up between close fitting surfaces. Compression force A crushing force. Condensation When a gas turns into a liquid. Conduction Method by which solids transfer heat.Convection Method by which liquids and gases transfer heat. Corrosion The deterioration of metals that occurs on contact with liquids. Ductility Ductility Is the ability of a material to withstand distortion without fracture, such as metal that can be drawn into fine wire. Durability Durability is the material's ability to resist wear and tear. Elasticity A material's ability to stretch tensile force is applied to them. When the point is reached that the material will no longer r eturn to it's original shape and size the material is said to have exceeded it's elastic limit or yield stress. Equilibrium When all acting influences are balanced.Evaporation When a liquid turns Into a gas. Ferrous metal A metal which contains iron. Freezing When a liquid turns Into a solid. Fusibility The melting point of a material, I. E. When a solid changes too liquid. Hardness Hardness is the ability of a material to resist scratching, wear and tear and Heat which causes a change of state in a substance, but does not affects its temperature. Malleability The ability of a material to be worked without fracture. Melting When a solid turns into a liquid. Non-ferrous metal A metal which does not contain iron. Plasticity The propensity of a material to undergo permanent changes in shape.H scale Measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. A pH of 7 represents neutral water. Reduction A method of producing metals is by removing the oxygen from the ore. Relative density The rati o of the density of a substance to the density of a standard substance under specific conditions. The relative density of a solid is found by comparing it to the same volume of water. The relative density of a gas is found by comparing it to the same volume of air. Sensible heat Heat which only causes a change in temperature, not a change of state. Shear force Opposing forces acting along parallel lines of action.Strength The strength of a material is the extent to which it can withstand an applied force or load without breaking. The load is expressed in terms of force per unit area (Newton's per square meter N/mm). Temper The degree of hardness of a material. Tenacity A material's ability to resist being pulled apart. Tensile force A stretching or pulling force. Thermoplastics Plastics which are liquid when heated and hard when cooled. These plastics can be reshaped repeatedly. Thermosetting plastics Plastics which are resistant to high temperatures. Once set, these plastics cannot be reshaped. Velocity Speed of motion.

Awesome Ball Girl and Perception Essay Example for Free

Awesome Ball Girl and Perception Essay In the short video of â€Å"Awesome Ball Girl†, there is a young ball girl working in the field that makes such a great catch, most professionals would not have been able to make. At the start of the video you would think that you are about to see a home run after a great hit, but my eyes were drawn elsewhere; just like the crowd and two teams. This shows the first stage in the perception process: selection. Selection occurs when one or more of your senses are stimulated, where your mind and body help you choose what stimuli to attend to (Floyd 109). Of my five senses, this video affected my vision and my hearing since I was watching a screen; more senses would have been affected if I would have been in the crowd. We do not necessarily make conscious decisions about which stimuli to notice and which to ignore. Research indicates that there are three characteristics that make a particular stimulus more likely to be selected for attention. (Floyd 109) The first characteristic is that something unusual or unexpected will make a stimulus stand out. Second, that repetition or how frequently you have been exposed to something will make it stand out. Third, the intensity of a stimulus will affect how much you take notice to it. From the video â€Å"Awesome Ball Girl†, two of the characteristics that stood out the most for me were repetition and intensity. I do not watch baseball often so since I am not exposed to that sport often, it stood out to me. In addition to not watching that sport often, the intensity of the crowd made me more interested because I knew something big was happening due to hearing the cheering and gasping. By the end of the video, all of my attention was focused on the young ball girl who just made an amazing catch. Once you have noticed a particular stimulus the next step of the perception process is to classify it by organization, the second stage of the perception process. Organization is the process of categorizing information that has been selected for attention – the mind will apply a perceptual schema to it for a mental framework for organizing information (Floyd 109). Perceptual schemas help us organize sensory information in some meaningful way so that we can move forward with the process of perception. There are four types of schema that help to classify the information we notice about people: physical constructs, role constructs, interaction constructs and psychological constructs. (Floyd 110) Physical constructs emphasize appearances and objective characteristics (height, age, ethnicity, body shape) as well as subjective characteristics (attractiveness). Role constructs emphasize social or professional position (teacher, accountant, father, community leader). Interaction constructs emphasize behavior (outgoing, shy, aggressive, sarcastic, considerate). Psychological constructs emphasize thoughts and feelings (angry, insecure, jealous, worried). (Floyd 110) Looking back on watching this video, I feel like I could apply all of these constructs to the young ball girl. She was a younger white female; her appearance was average height for a woman, not tall and not short with an athletic build – which is known to be attractive. The announcer for the game calls her the ball girl as well as the title of the video which gave the role construct. The interaction I could see was that she was a â€Å"go-getter† and that she was not shy about going after the ball that the professional player missed. After the catch, she was walking back to her seat; she seemed insecure and or worried like she was thinking maybe it was a bad idea to catch the ball now that all attention is on her. Stage one, selection, helped me with stage two, organization because I knew what caught my attention. Seeing a girl running down the side of the field, hearing the crowd cheering and the announcer going crazy made me realize that something spectacular was happening even though I don’t watch baseball often. Once my attention was focused on the ball girl, I was able to use the types of schemas to classify the information that my mind noticed. The third and final stage of the perception process is interpretation. Interpretation in the perception process is assigning all of the information from selection and organization and forming a personal meaning. Three factors: experience, knowledge and closeness can all affect how you interpret something that you perceive (Floyd 111). Every person’s interpretations will most likely differ. For me, experience plays the biggest role since I used to play softball. I know how hard it can be to catch a ball at the rear of the outfield, let alone trying to scale a wall before catching the ball; which proves to me that this young ball girl has a lot of talent. To some people that may be avid baseball fans that attend a lot of games, this could be an event they will never forget, but for me, it is just a very impressive video that I will probably potentially forget about due to my lack of interest in baseball. I do not have doubts that this video is not real or accurate. Crazier things happen every day! After going step by step through the perception process, I see a very talented young girl that has the potential to be a great player on a ball team. Awesome Ball Girl and Perception. (2016, Sep 29).

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Research Paper Example The moko symbolized several things. It created tribal identity for in individual and showed genealogy. Moreover, the art form showed an individual’s rank and status in society, with those having the mark considered to have a higher social status than those that did not. The moko marked the stage an individual was at in their life. It marked the transition of an individual from childhood to adulthood. In addition, some forms of the mark showed when an individual became eligible for marriage. The moko was a sacred abject highly valued by the Maori people. In recent times, the people in the rest of the world take interest in the moko with some opting to get the mark. However, the use of moko by the non-Maori in many ways alter the meaning and true function of the mark. One thing that stands out about the Maori culture from the moko is that status ranked importantly in society. Individuals interacted based on their status. Those who ranked lowly in the community worked hard to acq uire some form of status. All through, the moko showed an individual’s status depending on the pattern that came with the mark. Several tattoos were unique to the women that were set aside as a result of their high rank in society. A partial facial moko signified a woman of such high rank in society that never married or got children as finding a mate to match her lineage status became impossible. (Simmons 87) Among men, tattoos on the right side of the face were a symbol of paternal lineage and rank; and showed whether this rank was hereditary or acquired. The left side face had markings showing the lineage and status an individual acquired from their side of the mother. Bravery gave an individual status in society. Warriors that performed exemplary well in war got a moko to show to everyone that met them of their bravery. (Durie 305) Such marks earned them respect and admiration from the society, and in turn added to their social status. The social structure of the Maori ga ve the first born sons a higher social status than that of lower born sons. These first born sons were the only one eligible to become leaders and chiefs. A special moko symbolized this status. However, lower born sons got a chance to achieve status by showing acts of bravery and kindness. Therefore, many used warfare as a chance to buy social status and get a tattoo showing they had rank. Leaders in Maori culture used Moko to symbolize their status. The type of moko showed the rank of a chief. The tattoo on a high ranking chief in the society was so unique that people who saw it immediately linked the individual with the mark with chiefdom and immediately accorded them the respect that came with that mark. Maori chiefs included their moko marks as signs on legal documents such as letters and title deeds. Any document bearing such a mark gained political recognition as validated by the chief; therefore asserting it eligibility. The Maori culture shows through the moko that it was hi ghly stratified along gender lines. The moko on men and women had significant differences. In addition, the marks on men bore different meanings than those done on women. Many times, the moko on women revolved around their eligibility to marry, whom to marry and what status they had in society. On the other hand, the moko among men predominantly showed rank, superiority and bravery. Only men had mokos symbolizing political leadership such as the marks of chiefs. However, marks on women

Analyse the role of the Israel lobby in the conflict between Israel Essay

Analyse the role of the Israel lobby in the conflict between Israel and Palestinians - Essay Example The truth as examined from a political, social and historical perspective strongly favors the former view: that the Lobby has pressured, through various channels and organisations, a position that favors Israel over the Palestinians and has thus thwarted for years the peace effort in the region. As Massing bluntly asserts: At its core is the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), which is ranked second after the National Rifle Association (along with the AARP) in the National Journal‘s 2005 listing of Washington’s most powerful lobbies. AIPAC, they write, serves as â€Å"a de facto agent for a foreign government.† The , they say, is also associated with Christian evangelicals such as Tom DeLay, Jerry Falwell, and Pat Robertson; neoconservatives both Jewish (Paul Wolfowitz, Bernard Lewis, and William Kristol) and gentile (John Bolton, William Bennett, and George Will); think tanks (the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, the American Enterprise In stitute, the Hudson Institute); and critics of the press such as the Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America. (Massing, 2011: par. 1) The â€Å"Myth† of Influence It is important to realize that much of what has been currently published favors the notion that the Lobby, particularly in the United States, has controlled its foreign policy in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In light of this, it is important to present views that dismiss this notion before looking at the wealth of other information and opinions that do not. It is also important to remember that much of the defense comes from the Jewish community and government officials, just as some of the strongest in opposition comes from non-Jewish and Jewish alike, including a highly regarded social and political philosopher, Noam Chomsky. The reality of this may in itself reveal that opinions regarding the argument depend largely on the position of the interlocutor and whom or what he or she is strivin g to defend. It is interesting to note that former Secretary of State under Ronald Reagan, George P. Schultz’s defense of Israel is surprisingly emotional, surreptitiously alluding to the Holocaust, tying criticism to an anti-Semitic â€Å"catalog of lies†: Defaming the Jews by disputing their rightful place among the peoples of the world has been a long-running, well-documented, and disgraceful series of episodes across history. Again and again a time has come when legitimate criticism slips across an invisible line into what might be called the "badlands," a place where those who should be regarded as worthy adversaries in debate are turned into scapegoats, targets, all-purpose objects of blame. (Schultz, 2007: par. 1-2) Schultz’s apology is also surprisingly incoherent in that he uses the unworkable analogy that if the U.S., as the largest consumer of oil, was on anyone’s side, it would on that of the Arabs, who have all of the oil. (Schultz, 2007). Th is argument for anyone who understands the business side of oil and the history of the conflict knows that no Arab country has ever truly stepped up to defend the Palestinian cause or threatened an oil embargo on either the US or Britain for not properly defending the Palestinians. Historically, this has always been the case and has eliminated concerns on the part of

Criminal Identification Procedures Research Paper

Criminal Identification Procedures - Research Paper Example As DNA is considered to be the building blocks of humans, the advancement of the study of this material, would be unquestionably beneficial, with advantages experienced as a result. The advantages would abound for this in the industry of forensic science, with the ability to utilize DNA evidence as a means of being able to more accurately pinpoint the source of the material that they would have gathered from a crime scene. In terms of crime control, according to the  Maryland Governors Office of Crime Control & Prevention  (2008), â€Å"Every State in the nation has a statutory provision for the establishment of a DNA database that allows for the collection of DNA profiles from offenders convicted of certain crimes,† (para. 1). As it would come to crime control, the advances seen in the form of an organized system put into place for the maintaining of DNA information, would serve the cause of fighting crime to a greater degree. According to the  Maryland Governors Office of Crime Control & Prevention  (2008), â€Å"As of 2007, 5,372,773 total offender profiles in CODIS have aided over 62,000 investigations. Almost 50,000 total offender hits have occurred and of those hits over 80% were at the State level,† (para. 5). While considerable progress would have undoubtedly come from the presence of DNA information and the data system created to store it for review by other states, with additional case files added, all crimes would need to be

Political science. Palestine and Orientalism Essay

Political science. Palestine and Orientalism - Essay Example In his study Said blended political polemic and literary excursion. He writes: "The Orient is not only adjacent to Europe; it is also the place of Europe's greatest and richest and oldest colonies, the source of its civilizations and languages, its cultural contestant, and one of its deepest and most recurring images of the Other" (Said, 1979, pp.1-2) Said claims that Orientalism is an academic area which causes interest in a variety of academic institutions, because all teachers, sooner or later begin to research Orient and apply their knowledge in the areas of their competence. Said holds that since the end of eighteenth century the scholarly and academic meanings of Orientalism have been quite 'politically correct' and the related efforts have been restricted. Furthermore, Said believes that Orientalism reflects Western style of domination and is close-knit with Western mind, usually related to perceiving Orient as a 'younger brother' or 'poorer kin'. Said holds that the antagonistic political relationship between the Sast and the West lies in the earliest development the struggle between Islam and Christianity. According to Said, Orientalism, which presents Christian world as 'higher', is used as a demonstration of European power and is seen as a comparative theory, in which two eternal rivals - the East and the West - make an 'argument' with predicted conclusion which is to sum up that European beliefs and culture are more humanistic and more suitable and more appropriate for harmonious development of an individual. Similarly to other '-isms', Orientalism has been ill-treated from the ancient times up to the present. From the other angle of view, Orientalism is a natural movement, whose toughness is quite sufficient in its universal authenticity. This movement is a product of synergy, which takes place among different studies, accumulated by different followers, who are interested in one of the richest world cultures, and Oriental culture. Moreover, Said's study has itself caused a number of responses, either positive or negative.Lewis attempted to criticize Said's approach -in particular, in his article ' The question of Orientalism', which defended Middle Eastern studies, and in particular, Palestinian studies. On the other hand, Lewis was a newcomer to the United States, and his refutation - a forceful defense of the European and Palestinian traditions (which sometimes converts into an attack) - did not canceled Said's complaints about the problems and complications of American Middle Eastern studies. Lewis, for instance, writes that, in fact, Europe hasn't yet experienced (or probably, hasn't noticed) such considerable influence of Orientalism on its tradition. Lewis's main notes were following: 1) Firstly, it would be wrong to claim that Oriental studies are limited to the study of Muslim culture, while in fact Biblical research is an essential and substantial element or Orientalism. Palestine as the country of diverse religions supports both religious doctrines, so it needs more profound inquiry than Said has done. 2) Secondly, there is no doubt that an identifiable part of Western studies was stimulated by either political or religious propaganda "and appeared throughout the ages with distorted images of Islam, the East and its cultures; however, this movement cannot be termed "Orientalism", rather it is "False Orientalism" (Lewis, 1982,

Motivation in the Work Place Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Motivation in the Work Place - Dissertation Example This essay's main focus is motivation in the workplace. Motivation has gained importance in the competitive business environment following globalization, liberalization and internationalization. In addition, new technologies have compelled companies to develop the ability to respond to the fast-changing business environment. Businesses work in an intensely competitive environment where employees play a crucial role in the survival and growth of an organization. Organizations recognize the value of human capital and the importance of retaining employees and motivating the work force. Employees’ willingness to work is determined by the motivation they have towards the work. Low motivation among employees can lead to high levels of attrition thereby impacting performance. There has to be a psychological force within the people that arouses their interest, directs their attention and leads them to work persistently and insistently so that they can achieve their intended goals. The refore, it is not just the effort of the organizational managers that impact performance but it is the employees that control how much they are willing to exert. Factors that motivate employees, has been a subject of research for decades and this has resulted in several theories governing motivation. However, few studies deal with how motivation affects employee performance at workplace. The researcher intends to review literature focused on different theories of motivation and on how motivation affects employee performance at workplace.

Christianity in the Middle East Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Christianity in the Middle East - Assignment Example Secondly, from the interview with the leader of Christian Peoples Alliance highlights two issues of importance. The first is that Christian girls are being hijacked in Egypt and forced to marry Muslim men so that they can be converted to Islam. In Syria and Jordan, Christians are being treated to incredible persecution because they are not supporting the uprising in the Arab world. These two issues are of great importance to any Christian, not just in the Middle East but also in the rest of the world as cases of kidnapping may happen anywhere in the world. To a large extent, this is reducing the number of Christians in the Middle East. Thirdly, the whole video is information to the entire world as the reported cases of migration to other parts of the world is not a case of light importance. This calls for caution on all the Christians wherever they are and contribution to these people who are suffering. Background Information The persecution of Christians in the east is not a direct issue. As stated earlier, there is a desire by the Muslims to be supported in the spring. However, there is a feeling that the Christians are not doing anything to support them. They feel that the country belongs to all of them yet the fight for freedom is being done by the Muslims only. Therefore, to force Christians to join the Muslims, there is a direct attack especially on the girls who are being kidnapped and forcefully converted to Islam. This is strong because, from a basic perspective, it can be seen that the number of Christians will continue dwindling. Starting as the political issue in northern Africa in a bid to topple the ruling regimes, the revolution turned into a bloody war that has claimed the lives of so many people all over the region. The Middle East regions of Syria and Jordan have witnessed a high level of hijackings to foreigners especially from the western nations who have been on the ground to offer humanitarian services. The other background reason is the s ocial strife between the Muslim world and the western world. That is why there is a high-level anxiety in London that the spring would later turn into a Christian winter. This is because they are likely to be most affected by that given their position on neighboring Israel that has also been a source of hatred from the Muslims. Lessons from the Video There are several lessons that can be learned from the Arab spring in the east. One of the lessons is that there is persecution of Christians and this persecution is intentional. There is a high possibility that there is a plot to wipe out the Christian faithful from the east. This is seen by the statement given by the leader of the Christian peoples’ alliance in which he states that Christian girls are being hijacked and forced to marry Muslim men in a bid to convert them to Islam. To this effect, there is the need for action to be taken to avoid this trend. The same lesson is supported by the fact that all the Christians are fo rced to live an unstable life in which they are forced to migrate to other relatively peaceful places all over the world. The forced migration is an indication of the strength of the persecution and lack of peace that is exhibited in the region.

The Reason Why Women Live Longer Than Men Essay Example for Free

The Reason Why Women Live Longer Than Men Essay Scientists are finally beginning to understand one of life’s enduring mysteries why women live, on average, longer than men. The new research describes how mutations to the DNA of the mitochondria can account for differences in the life expectancy of males and females. Mitochondria, which exist in almost all animal cells, are vital for life because they convert our food into the energy that powers the body. Dr Damian Dowling and PhD student Florencia Camus, from Monash School of Biological Sciences in the U. S., worked with Dr David Clancy from Lancaster University to uncover differences in longevity and biological ageing across male and female fruit flies that carried mitochondria of different origins. They found that genetic variation across these mitochondria were reliable predictors of life expectancy in males, but not in females. Dr Dowling said the results point to numerous mutations within mitochondrial DNA that affect how long males live, and the speed at which they age. He said: Intriguingly, these same mutations have no effects on patterns of ageing in females they only affect males. All animals possess mitochondria, and the tendency for females to outlive males is common to many different species. Our results therefore suggest that the mitochondrial mutations we have uncovered will generally cause faster male ageing across the animal kingdom. The researchers said the mutations can be entirely attributed to a quirk in the way that mitochondrial genes are passed down from parents to offspring. Dr Dowling said: While children receive copies of most of their genes from both their mothers and fathers, they only receive mitochondrial genes from their mothers. This means that evolution’s quality control process, known as natural selection, only screens the quality of mitochondrial genes in mothers. If a mitochondrial mutation occurs that harms fathers, but has no effect on mothers, this mutation will slip through the gaze of natural selection, unnoticed. Over thousands of generations, many such mutations have accumulated that harm only males, while leaving females unscathed. The study builds on previous findings by Dr Dowling and his team who investigated the consequences of maternal inheritance of mitochondria in causing male infertility. Dr Dowling added: Together, our  research shows that the mitochondria are hotspots for mutations affecting male health. What we seek to do now is investigate the genetic mechanisms that males might arm themselves with to nullify the effects of these harmful mutations and remain healthy.

Employment Law in Hungary Problem Question

Employment Law in Hungary Problem Question The difficulties that Andreas and Luka face in this circumstance relate to the fact that where Treaty Articles[1] and Regulations[2] are directly applicable in national courts. Directives are only binding as to the result to be achieved, with it being necessary for the Member State to adopt the national law in such a way as to implement the Directives terms.[3] This means that whilst Andreas and Luka would have been able to rely directly on a Treaty Article or Regulations to enforce their EU rights in the Hungarian courts, they must rely on some alternative method of enforcement in respect of the Directive. It is these alternative methods of enforcement that lie at the crux of the issues here. Although the direct effect for Treaty Articles was not instant, it was developed over a period of time, and Van Gend was the first judgment to expressly state that Treaty Articles could be directly effective.[4] On the other hand, Article 288 TFEU[5] specifically says that Regulations are directly effective. This was confirmed in Leonesio [6] and held that Directives are only directly effective in respect of the aims to be achieved and that the Member States are given discretion as to how these aims are introduced into national law. On the face of it, it could be suggested that because Directives are not directly enforceable in the national courts, Member States would be able to disregard the requirements of the Directive. If as it has happened in this circumstance, it does not suit the current national requirements. This would, of course, make Directives largely irrelevant. This was the view that was taken by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in Van Duyn v Home Office.[7] In this judgment, it would be held that, if the Directive was clear, precise and unconditional (the same requirements as exist for the direct effect of Treaty Articles and Regulations)[8], and had a direct effect on the relations between individuals and the Member States. Therefore, the Directive ought to be given direct effect in the national courts. The above position was further clarified in Pubblico Ministero v Ratti.[9] Mr. Ratti was a manufacturer of solvents in Italy, was charged failure to comply with the stricter Italian law. The ECJ made clear that the proper purpose of direct effect for Directives was to prevent a Member State from gaining an advantage by ignoring the requirements of a Directive. In essence, a Member State is estopped from denying an individuals rights based on the contents of a Directive once the period for implementing the Directive has passed. Based on the above, it seems that Andreas and Lukas position is a relatively strong one, but unfortunately, the issue is slightly more complicated. These complications are initially lie in the fact that a failure to implement a Directive into national law is entirely caused by the fault of a Member State. In Marshal,[10] it was recognized that allowing an individual to rely on the provisions of a Directive directly against another individual could have unfair results. This is because the individual expected to comply with the Directives may have no idea of its existence. On this basis, it was further held in Faccini Dori v Recreb[11] that the Directives could only have a direct effect on the Member State itself. This is known as a vertical direct effect. This is clearly a limiting factor and therefore it is essential that it is possible to identify what kind of organization fits within this requirement. The issue of identifying against whom the direct of a Directive could be relied upon was addressed in Foster v British Gas.[12]Here, it was held that an organization would be part of the Member State if it was subject to the authority or control of the State, or had powers that went beyond those that ordinarily exist between individuals. There are two separate approaches that are followed in this respect. In Sozialhifeverband,[13] it was held that private companies owned by a local authority would be considered sufficiently linked to the State purely based on the nature of their ownership. In Vassallo, [14] it was stated that the nature of the role of the organization could also impact on whether it was considered part of the State. In this case, a privately-run hospital was considered part of the State. This is because some of its activities were publicly funded and partly also because it was serving a public function. It can be seen from the above, the fact that Directives can only have a vertical direct effect will have a significant impact upon Andreas and Lukas ability to rely on the Directive. It seems probable that even though Andreass employer receives some of its funding from private contributions, the fact that it is partly funded by the State, and it will be considered to serve a public function. It will mean that it will be considered part of the State and that, Andreas will be able to rely on the provisions of the Directive directly against it. The effect of this will ensure that prior to his dismissal, Andreas will be considered to have held a permanent contract. Therefore, he will presumably be able to rely on Hungarian employment law, at the very least, attempt to assert that he should receive some compensation for his dismissal. However, Andreas will not be able to assert that the Directive means that he should not have been dismissed. This is because the only relevant purpose of th e Directive is to ensure that a permanent contract is granted after two temporary ones have elapsed. The position is very different for Luka. This is because the company for which she is working with is purely privately owned and funded. This is unlikely to be considered to serve as a public function. Therefore, she will not be able to rely on the direct effect of the Directive. However, this is not the end of the matter, because there are further possibilities that may assist her. The first of these possibilities lies in what is known as an indirect effect. In Von Colson Kamann,[15] it was held that national courts have a duty to interpret national legislation in line with EU provisions if this was possible. The approach in Von Colson Kamann[16] was quite limiting in that it only applied to national legislation that was implementing the Directive in question. This approach would not assist Luka, this is because there is no indication that the Hungarian government has taken any implementing steps at all with the regards to this Directive. The position was expanded somewhat in Marleasing[17], that to require national courts to interpret all national legislation in line with EU provisions where possible. It is not possible to comment on the impact of an indirect effect on Lukas position specifically. This is because this will entirely depend on whether there is already in existence any Hungarian legislation that could be interpreted in line with the provisions of the Directive. If this is possible, Luka will be able to rely on the existing national legislation and the Hungarian courts will be required to interpret accordingly. Clearly, if there is no relevant Hungarian legislation exists, of if the existing legislation is written in such a way that an alternative interpretation is not possible, the indirect effect will be of no assistance to Luka. The second possible solution for Luka can be found in the judgment in Francovich.[18] In this judgment, it was held that where a Member State has failed to implement a Directive and if certain other requirements are satisfied, an individual would be able to hold the Member State liable for their losses. In order for State liability to arise, three conditions must be met. Firstly, the Directive must grant rights to the individual. Secondly, it must be possible to identify these rights from the content of the Directive. Finally, there must a direct causal link between the Member States failure to implement the Directive and the loss suffered by the individual. There seems little difficulty in applying the above three conditions to Lukas position. On the fact given, it appears that the very purpose of the Directive was to grant individuals with the right to be placed on a permanent contract and the subsequent employment security that such a contract provides. It is also clear that the nature of the Directive makes its purpose clear. The position in respect of the causal link between the failure to implement the terms of the Directive and the loss sustained by Luka is an interesting one. This is because, taken at a simple level, the non-renewal of Lukas contract would not have occurred if the Directive had been properly implemented. Luka would already have been working under a permanent contract. However, the failure to implement is not necessarily the reason for Lukas loss. This is the downturn in piano manufacture and the subsequent loss of her job. In this respect, Luka may have lost her job even if she had a permanent contract. In order to address this, it would be necessary to consider the steps taken by Kende Pianos in deciding whom to dismiss. However, it seems that even if it is possible to demonstrate that Luka would have been dismissed anyway, even if she would be on a permanent contract. Therefore, on the fact that she will not receive this payment is directly caused by the failure in implementation of the Directive and Luka should be able to claim damages from the State in order to compensate for this loss. In conclusion, Andreas will be able to rely on the Directive directly in the Hungarian courts to ensure that he receives the same employment rights as an individual on a permanent contract. On the other hand, Luka will not be able to rely on the direct effect of the Directive, but she may be able to rely on its indirect effect, or she may be able to seek damages from the Hungarian State. CASES Faccini Dori v Recreb (case 91/92) [1994] ECR I-3325 Foster v British Gas (case C-188/89) [1990] ECR I-3313 Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy (joined cases C-6/90 and C-9/90) [1991] ECR I-5357 Leonesio v Italian Ministry of Agriculture (case 93/71) [1972] ECR 293 Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacionale de Alimentacion SA (case C-106/89) [1990] ECT I-4135 Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (case 152/84) [1986] ECR 723 Pubblico Ministero v Ratti (case 148/78) [1979] ECT 1629 Sozialhifeverband Rohrbach v Arbeiterkammer Oberosterreich (case C-297/03) [2005] ECR I-4305 Van Duyn v Home Office (case 41/74) [1974] ECT 1337 Van Gen en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (case 26/62) [1963] ECR 1 Vassallo v Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale San Martino di Genova e Cliniche Universitarie Convenzionate (case C-180/04) [2006] ECT I-7251 Von Colson Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen (case 14/83) [1984] ECR 1891 TREATIES Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union 2012 BOOKS Chalmers, D Davies, G Monti, G European Union Law (3rd edn Cambridge University Press 2014) Craig, P De Burca, G EU Law Text, Cases, and Materials (6th edn Oxford University Press 2015) Schutze, R European Union Law (Cambridge University Press 2015) [1] Van Gen en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (case 26/62) [1963] ECR 1 [2] Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), Article 288 [3] Ibid [4] Van Gen (n1) [5] Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), Article 288 [6] Leonesio v Italian Ministry of Agriculture (case 93/71) [1972] ECR 293 [7] (case 41/74) [1974] ECT 1337 [8] The van Gend Criteria (van Gen en Loos) [9] (case 148/78) [1979] ECT 1629 [10] Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (case 152/84) [1986] ECR 723 [11] (case 91/92) [1994] ECR I-3325 [12] (case C-188/89) [1990] ECR I-3313 [13] Sozialhifeverband Rohrbach v Arbeiterkammer Oberosterreich (case C-297/03) [2005] ECR I-4305 [14] Vassallo v Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale San Martino di Genova e Cliniche Universitarie Convenzionate (case C-180/04) [2006] ECT I-7251 [15] Von Colson Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen (case 14/83) [1984] ECR 1891 [16] Ibid [17] Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacionale de Alimentacion SA (case C-106/89) [1990] ECT I-4135 [18] Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy (joined cases C-6/90 and C-9/90) [1991] ECR I-5357

RUSSIA CULTURE :: essays research papers

Russian Culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Russia culture is very different from any other culture that I have ever read about. This is a country that is dominated by males. Males actually run the county of Russia. The men are so dominated that every Russian women dream is to be married and have a family with these men. Russia is known for its poor society. In the book Sakharov he mentions how he moved from one place to another. He first was in Moscow’s larger apartments with his family. In this apartment there were six families. With thin the six families they had to share the kitchen and the bathroom. Then he states that he moved into a very old house and in this old house there was a leaking ceiling. With in this house there were still six families that shared everything. (Sakharov 24-25)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Russia there is a very high divorce rate. The divorce rate is high because of the prostitution and getting married just for religious purposes. My couples get married in Russia at a young age. Getting married at a young age is not a good idea in Russia or nowhere. Because of the prostitution rate in Russia it is bringing the abortion rate also. Just about every woman in Russia has had at least five abortions. The reason why woman get abortions is because they were either messing around with some one else man or they are married and got pregnant and neither of the spouses want the child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Russia has a high crime rate also. Their crime rate is so high that if you were to go to the store like the grocery store, when you walk in the store u have to lock your things up in a locker and shop. When you got through shopping then you were to pick up your stuff out of your locker. The whole time that you are shopping there are people watching your every move. The reason why the crime rate is so high is because they work hard to get paid a little amount of money. Russia’s unemployment rate is very high. There are not enough jobs in Russia for everyone to have a job. For example if you were to get a job at a fast food restaurant, you were only getting paid a little or nothing an hour and that’s not even close to minuan wage in America.

The Franciscan Complex :: Essays Papers

The Franciscan Complex Introduction The Franciscan Terrane of central California represents an accretionary complex formed by long-term subduction of an oceanic plate under the Western margin of the North American craton. The Franciscan complex is composed of three distinguishable belts: the eastern belt (Yolla Bolly and Pickett Peak terranes), the central belt, and the coastal belt. Age and metamorphic grade of the belts decreases to the west (Blake and Jones, 1981). Formation of the accretionary complex began during the late Jurassic in the eastern belt and has continued into the Miocene along the western coastal belt. The complex trends NNW and is bounded by the San Andreas Fault to the east and by the coastal range fault to the west. The coast range fault separates the Franciscan complex with the partly coeval Great Valley sequence. Debate exists over the tectonic evolution of the Franciscan, centered around the geographic origin of the Franciscan rock units. Characterization of the Three Belts The coastal belt of the Franciscan Complex is composed of the youngest and least deformed units and makes up the western quarter of all Franciscan rocks. The rocks of the coastal belt are composed of arkosic sandstones, andesitic graywackes, and quartzofeldspathic graywackes interbedded with radiolarian chert (turbidite deposits) (Blake and Jones, 1981). These sedimentary rocks suggest a depositional environment of deep-sea fan systems with both oceanic and continental provenance. Parts of the belt show evidence of later metamorphism, principally due to subduction. Low-grade blueschist mineral facies are indicated by the presence of minerals such as laumonite and prehnite-pumpellyite (Blake and Jones, 1981). All rock units show evidence of thrust (imbricate) faulting due to the compressional forces of subduction. Ages of the coastal belt run from as little as 40 Ma (Eocene) to as old as 100 Ma (middle Cretaceous). The central belt of the Franciscan Complex represents older and more metamorphosed units of rock best characterized as a melange. Blocks of graywacke, greenstone, chert, limestone, and blueschists are sheared and thrust upon one another in a choatic mix (Isozaki and Blake, 1994). In contrast to the coastal belt, metamorphism is higher in grade here and dominated by pumpellyite which formed within the matrix of graywacke (Hagstrum and Murchey, 1993). The mixing of these units makes a stratigraphic subdivision difficult but analysis of the graywacke slabs indicates that the depositional environment was also deep sea, near to the continent. Turbidity currents in this environment deposited much of the sediment in both the coastal and central belts.

All About Nothing: The Story Of My Life Essay -- essays research paper

All About Nothing: The Story of My Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Perhaps the most important thing that has happened in my life is the fact that nothing really big or important has ever happened in my life. For example, my parents are still happily married, and nobody really close to me has evr died. All of this is very unfortunate, I am sure, because if one of these things had happened I would have been able to find a topic for this very essay which I am writing very easily, and would not have had such a hard time getting this essay in to my teacher on time. Nor have I rescued a little kitten from a tree, which when I think about it is really unfortunate because then not only would I have had a topic, but I might also have gotten my picture in the â€Å" Hillsborough Beacon,† or even in the â€Å"Somerset Messenger Gazette,† which, in the lingo of those in the news paper business, is the ‘big time.' But there is little point in even mentioning these things, because they have not happened, and thus, I am left topicless. I could try to fool you with some far out, totally unbelievable story about how I was in a car wreck involving at least two dozen cars, including the president's limousine, and how despite having broken two legs, an arm, in addition to various other body parts too numerous to mention, I managed to drag myself out of the wrecked car (A job for the Jaws of Life, for sure, had it been any other person but me in that car), and then how I managed to haul all of the other survivors, among them the president himself, out of their cars, and to safety, only moments before a small fire that was caused by the crash reached the gas tank of one of the cars causing a breath- taking chain reaction of explosions and fires seen and heard for miles around I could...but I will not. In fact, I would not have it any other way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If a highly important meaningful event had happened in my life, the chances are that I would be a completely different person today than the Bill that I am sure you know and love, and probably even worship. It could for example have made me realize how important a proper education is (Do not ask me how.). And, because of this, I could be a diligent hard working student. Thankfully, it didn't and I am not, but the point is, it could have. A scary thought indeed. My parents aren't divorced and do not abuse me, givin... ...ng him of his great failures, even if they are trying to be nice abouit it, although a great many most likely ae not, and can probably get downright mean. Even if he had won those Super Bowls his life would still be a wreck. Joe Montana and Terry Bradshaw, the only quarterbacks ever to win as many Super Bowls as Kelly has lost, still can not go out in public without being mobbed by fans, even though both have long since retired. And although it was most likely fun and exciting to begin with (I find excitement to be much over rated any way.), the novelty of celebrity has most certianly worn off by now, and not being able even to go to the supermarket has most likely turned in to a large pain in the neck. So, as I feel I have just proved, exiting and important events bring nothing good no matter how extremely good or bad they seem to be. This is why I enjoy my average uneventful life. However, as a personal note, if the good and kind reader of this essay would extend the deadline a few years, I could give her a really good reflective essay about the feelings that I have for the people who I have literally and figuratively crushed on my way to power as the Supreme Ruler of the World.

XI accountancy CBSE Board

Do you hink the Accountant has correctly recorded the interest on the loan? Give reason for your reply. 7. Write down the main features of Partnership. 8. When does the need for valuation of internally generated goodwill arise? Y IT tne amount 0T super pront Is negatlve, wnat does It Inalca e 10. Prithvi is admitted to the partnership and the goodwill he was to bring in is Rs. 50, 000. But, he is not in a position to bring in the goodwill. The accountant has recorded an entry in the books of account debiting ‘Goodwill Account' and crediting ‘Sacrificing Partner's Capital Account'.Do you think, he has recorded the entry correctly? Give reasons for your reply. 11. X and Y are partners sharing profits in the ratio of 3:2. Z Joins for 1/6 th share in the running business on 1st April 2011. Z was given guarantee of Rs. 48,000 per annum but unfortunately Z died on 1 st July 2011. Profit during the current year to be accrued on the same scale as in the previous year. Profit earn ed during the year was Rs. Calculate the amount of deficiency borne by X and Y. 3 Marks 12. Write down the provisions applicable in the absence of Partnership Agreement. 3 Marks 13. X, Y and Z are partners sharing profit equally.X drew regularly Rs. ,000 at the beginning of every month for six months ended 30th September 2011. Y drew regularly Rs. 4,000 at the end of every month for six months ended 30th September 2011. Z drew regularly Rs. 4,000 at the middle of every month for six months ended 30 th September 2011. Calculate the interest on drawings for X, Y and Z at 5%p. a. 3 Marks 14. Write down three differences between drawings against profit and drawings against capital. 3 Marks 15. The average profit of the firm is Rs. The total tangible assets in the firm are Rs. 14, 00,000 and outside liabilities are Rs.In the same type of usiness, the normal rate of return is 10% of the capital employed. Calculate the value of goodwill by Capitalisation of Super Profit Method. 4 Marks 16. A and B are partners in a firm. Their respective capital contributions are Rs. 3, 00,000 and Rs. and their profit sharing ratio is 3:2. Immediately after the allocation of Rs. 80, 000 as profit for the year ended 31st march 2011, it was discovered that in arriving at the profit of 2010-11 the following two items were ignored: i. Outstanding expenses of Rs. 7,000 and i'. Accrued interest on investment of Rs. 5,000. Pass the adjustment Journal entry. Marks 17. Write down the differences between fixed and fluctuating capital Accounts. 4 18. Mark and Pat are partners in a business. Their capitals at the end of the year were Rs 4BUUU ana Rs 36,000 respectlvely. During tne year enaea 31st Marcn, 2 Marks drawings and Pat's drawings were Rs. 8,000 and Page 1 of 3 Rs. 12, 000 respectively. Profits before charging interest on capital during the year were Rs. 32, 000. Calculate the interest on capital at 5% for the year ended 31 st March 2011. 4 Marks 19. A and B shared profits and losses in the ratio of 3:2. With effect from 1st April 2011 they agreed to share profits equally.The goodwill of the firm was valued at Rs. 30,000. Make the necessary Journal entry for the treatment of goodwill. What is a ‘Gaining Ratio? (3+1)marks 20. A, B and C were partners sharing profits in the ratio of 5:3:2. Their Balance sheet as at 1 st April 2012 was as follows: Balance Sheet of A, C at 1st April, 2012 Liabilities Creditors Employees Provident funds Fund Capitals: c 70,000 50,000 Amount Assets 20,000 cash 26,000 Debtors Stock Furniture Building 2, 20,000 266,000 16,000 80,000 34,000 C retires on the above date and it was agreed that: C's share of Goodwill was Rs. ,OOO; % provision for doubtful debts was to be made on debtors; Sundry creditors were valued Rs. 4, 000 more than the book value. Pass necessary journal entries for the above transactions on C's retirement. 21 . Ram, Shyam and Gita were partners sharing profits in the ratio of 5:3:2. On 31 st March 2012 their Balance Sheet showed the following: Capitals: Ram 1 50,000 Shyam 125,000 Gita 75000 Workmen's Compensation reserve Capital Leasehold Patents Machinery 350,000 stock 30,000 cash at sank 30,000 40,000 Gita died on August 2012. It was agreed that: l.Goodwill of the firm is to be valued at Rs. 1,75,OOO II. Machinery be valued at Rs. 1, 40,000; Patents at Rs. 40, 000; Leasehold at Rs. l, 50,000 on this date. Ill. For the purpose of calculating Gita's share in the profits of 2012-2013, the profits should be taken to have accrued on the same scale as in 2011- 2012 which were Rs. 75,OOO Prepare Gita's Capital Account and Revaluation Account. 6 marks 22. X and Y are in partnership sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 3:2. The capitals of X and Y remaining after the adjustments are Rs. 80, 000 and Rs. 0, 000 respectively. They admit Z as a partner on his contribution of Rs. 35,000 as capital for 15th share of profits to be acquired equally from both X and Y. The capital accounts of old partners are to be adjusted on the basis of proportion of Z's capital to his share in the business. Calculate the amount of actual cash to be paid off or brought in by the old partners for the purpose. 6 marks 23. John and David were partners in a firm supplying school uniform. They share profits in the ratio of 4:3. Their capital as on 1st April 2012 were and Rs. 50,000 respectively.On this date John suggested David to start supplying low cost school uniforms also to the students who belong to low income group and have been dmitted to the private schools of the city as per the provision of Rights to Education Act 2009. David agreed and requested to admit his friend Sita, a visually handicapped unemployed person into the firm; however Sita will not contribute any capital. John agrees to it. They were in need of more capital. John therefore persuaded a rich friend of his, All, who Joined them to be a partner. Ali contributed Rs. 7, 00,000 in cash. Delivery van of Rs. 2,75,OOO and furniture o f Rs. 25,000 as his capital.

Police, Civil Liability and the Law Essay

At the onset of the 20th century, police work can best be described as very authoritative and policemen or law enforcers were themselves considered the law. Criminality was low principally because of the relatively stable economy and the population density in cities and urban centers were a hundred time, or even more, than today. As symbol of authority, the police was then looked up to by the citizenry with great respect and even with admiration. Through the years, the public image of the policeman is suspect. In truth city police departments today already employ spokesmen or public relations officers to ensure the respectability of the service is protected and preserved. The changes in the concept of police work tremendously changed over the last century, or to be more specific the 25 years. The situation was brought about by the growing public conscious on human rights which is guaranteed no less by the United Nations. While before police training was focused on proper handling of firearms and marksmanships, traffic rules and regulations, today’s police officer should be conscious of every person’s human rights. Otherwise he or she may end up in court being sued for civil liability or damages. Changing Concept on the Police Over the years the police service has underwent some sort of an evolution. From a strong image of authority, the police has to some extent been compelled to accept the fact that their functions or source of power emanates from the taxpayers who wanted them to be their protectors instead of oppressors. The situation is quite complex. While they have the mandate to enforce or implement the laws, the police are being restricted by a string of guidelines better known in their lingo as the rules of engagement. They have to comply with the rules in the performance of their duties because failure to do so could mean suspension or worse dismissal from the service. Unlike before when for instance, a traffic police officer can simply issue a citation ticket to a motorist who violated a traffic law today’s system places the supposed violator on a position of strength. He or she can write on the citation ticket the words â€Å"under protest† to signify the intention to question the actuation of the traffic officer for flagging him or her for a supposed violation. The situation for policemen whose duties are to run after criminal elements or members of the underworld is even more difficult. Unlike before when they would simply pick up a suspected person and have him or her placed under interrogation or â€Å"tactical questioning,† today’s detective or police intelligence officer need to first gather substantial proofs or incontrovertible eyewitness accounts in order to be able to apply for a warrant of arrest from the court. Down for a supposed violation Because of the complex nature in today’s justice system, police work now requires them to be conscious of the civil or human rights of every citizen. Additionally, they also need to be more aware of the rules of court or run the risk of being rebuffed or they cases they brought up for prosecution or litigation may end up dismissed for either insufficiency of evidence or non-compliance to the rules in effecting or carrying out arrests and raids. The preponderance of diligence in the performances of police duties and responsibilities in the enforcement of the laws is so emphasized that police officers are restricted from conducting investigations or questioning without the presence of the suspect’s preferred or lawyer of his or her choice. Civil Liability of Abusive Members of the Police Department Today’s police officers are made by law liable for their actuations as a result of an alarming pattern of abuse they commit in the process of dispensing their duties. Perhaps because of media attention or coverage on police work, abuses have eventually been documented or difficult to deny as far as the police officer is concern. Every now and then, the public would see on television brutal police handling of suspected offenders. The abuses have become so frequent that the time has now come where victims of police abuse have to get back at them by suing for civil liability or damages. Perhaps, as society experiences new trends in law enforcement more laws to ensure that the power or authority vested in police officers are only used for the public good and not make the police as a threat to society itself. By making them civilly liable for high handedness in the performance of the laws, police officers will be kept on their toes. Guide to Civil Liability In view of the above positions, it is notable to discuss a book manual for police officers’ to consider in the performances of their duties and in relation to their civil liability and the law. In a book entitled â€Å"The Police Officer’s Guide to Civil Liability,† Franklin (1993) emphasized the need for law enforcers, police officers in particular, to adhere to a standard guide to enable them to abide by their principles and at the same time uphold the concept of civil liability. Franklin noted that due to the increased number of court cases hurled against police officers, there is also a mounting need to teach these law enforcers on the dynamics of civil law. This is because such training or learning should be innate among police officers and within their profession and in order for them to survive the field (Franklin, 1993). While the required knowledge on civil liability totally varies from their abilities and expertise which are essential to be alive in a fatal shooting incident, having proficiency about civil law may avert a devastating possibility or outcome which will ultimate affect the career of the police officer and which is definitely dreadful as any form of shoot-out or gun battle. Additionally, the monetary and emotional implications of a civil case are often than not surpass the physical suffering which is likened to a gun shot wound (Franklin, 1993). The book noted that as professionals, police officers are, in one way or the other, are engaged in a civil case. Franklin noted the stress it had inflicted on law enforcers and their respective police departments in general. However, police officers are still limited with civil law or civil liability trainings which may assist them in their court battles. It is unfortunate to note that a large amount of money which will be used in the court proceedings as well as many lives of police officers could be saved if only there is a provision of civil liability education or training. This is because such kind of knowledge created a better and well-prepared police officer who can react to any kind of police situation or effectively carry out his duties to people and the society. Through this training, there will also be a reduction in the possibilities of a defeat in the civil case, and most importantly, this is the fundamental determining factor for the efficiency and value of police officer and his civil liability training (Franklin, 1993). Conclusion An increased awareness on the need for police officers to learn and adhere to civil liability in reference to specific laws of the country is a positive effort to undertake. This is because such consciousness will allow police officers to carry out their obligations, in a legal or appropriate manner, without the hindrance of possible civil lawsuit. While there are members of the police force who are undeniably amiss in their profession, it is worthy to consider that this is not the general view of the police department. Additionally, any misconception about the police profession may be corrected in such a way that the police officers are portrayed as important members of the society who are bound to protect people, property and the society as a whole. Hence, it is just but fair to provide police officers trainings and related means which will enable them to appropriately respond to the security or safety requirements of the people. Ultimately, the concept and the need to uphold civil liability will serve as a reminder for police officers that their authority entails responsibility.

Nike Financial Statement

NIKE, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME Year Ended May 31, 2001 2000 1999 (in millions, except per share data) RevenuesIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Costs and expenses:Cost of sales IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Selling and administrative IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Interest expense (Notes 4 and 5) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Other income/expense, net (Notes 1, 10 and 11) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Restructuring charge, net (Note 13)IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Total costs and expenses IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Income before income taxes IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Income taxes (Note 6) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Net income IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Basic earnings per common share (Notes 1 and 9) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Diluted earnings per common share (Notes 1 and 9)IIIIIIIIIIIIIII $9,488. 8 $8,995. 1 $8,776. 9 5,784. 9 2,689. 7 58. 7 34. 2 (. 1) 8,567. 4 921. 4 331. 7 $ 589. 7 $ 2. 18 $ 2. 16 5,403. 8 2,606. 4 45. 0 23. 2 (2. 5) 8,075. 9 919. 2 340. 1 $ 579. 1 $ 2. 10 $ 2. 07 5,493. 5 2,426. 6 44. 1 21. 5 45. 1 8,030. 8 746. 1 294. 7 $ 451. 4 $ 1. 59 $ 1. 57 The accompanying notes to consolidated Nnancial statements are an integral part of this statement. 24 NIKE, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS ASSETS May 31, 2001 2000 (in millions) Current Assets: Cash and equivalents IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $72. 1 and $65. IIII Inventories (Note 2) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Deferred income taxes (Notes 1 and 6) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Prepaid expenses (Note 1) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Total current assets IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Property, plant and equipment, net (Note 3)IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IdentiNable intangible assets and goodwill, net (Note 1) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Deferred income tax es and other assets (Notes 1 and 6)IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Total assets IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII $ 304. 0 1,621. 4 1,424. 1 113. 3 162. 5 3,625. 3 1,618. 8 397. 3 178. 2 $5,819. 6 $ 254. 3 1,569. 4 1,446. 0 111. 5 215. 2 3,596. 4 1,583. 4 410. 9 266. 2 $5,856. 9 $ $ 0. 2 2. 6 459. 4 (9. 9) (152. 1) 3,194. 3 3,494. 5 $5,819. 6 0. 2 2. 6 369. 0 (11. 7) (111. 1) 2,887. 0 3,136. 0 $5,856. 9 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY Current Liabilities:Current portion of long-term debt (Note 5) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Notes payable (Note 4) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Accounts payable (Note 4) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Accrued liabilities IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Income taxes payable IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Total current liabilities IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Long-term debt (Notes 5 and 14)IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Deferred inc ome taxes and other liabilities (Notes 1 and 6) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Commitments and contingencies (Notes 12 and 15) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Redeemable Preferred Stock (Note 7) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Shareholders' Equity: Common Stock at stated value (Note 8): Class A convertible I 99. 1 and 99. shares outstandingIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Class B I 169. 5 and 170. 4 shares outstandingIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Capital in excess of stated value IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Unearned stock compensation IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Accumulated other comprehensive incomeIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Retained earningsIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Total shareholders' equity IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Total liabilities and shareholders' equity IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 5. 4 855. 3 432. 0 472. 1 21. 9 1,786. 7 435. 9 102. 2 I 0. 3 50. 1 924. 2 543. 8 621. 9 I 2,140. 0 470. 3 110. 3 I 0. 3The accompany ing notes to consolidated Nnancial statements are an integral part of this statement. 25 NIKE, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS 2001 Cash provided (used) by operations: Net income IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Income charges not aAecting cash: DepreciationIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Non-cash portion of restructuring chargeIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Deferred income taxes IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Amortization and other IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Income tax beneNt from exercise of stock options IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Changes in certain working capital components: Increase) decrease in accounts receivable IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII (Increase) decrease in inventories IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Decrease in other current assets and income taxes receivableIIIIIIII (Decrease) increase in accounts payable, accrued liabilities and income taxes payable IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Cash provided by operati ons IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Cash provided (used) by investing activities: Additions to property, plant and equipmentIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Disposals of property, plant and equipment IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Increase in other assets IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Increase in other liabilitiesIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Cash used by investing activitiesIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Cash provided (used) by Nnancing activities:Reductions in long-term debt including current portionIIIIIIIIIIIIIII (Decrease) increase in notes payable IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Proceeds from exercise of stock options IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Repurchase of stock IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Dividends I common and preferredIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Cash used by Nnancing activities IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII EAect of exchange rate changes on cash IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Net increase in cash and equivalents IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Ca sh and equivalents, beginning of year IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Cash and equivalents, end of yearIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Supplemental disclosure of cash Oow information: Cash paid during the year for: Interest IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Income taxes IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Non-cash investing and Nnancing activity:Assumption of long-term debt to acquire property, plant and equipment III Year Ended May 31, 2000 (in millions) 1999 $ 589. 7 $ 579. 1 $ 451. 4 197. 4 I 79. 8 16. 7 32. 4 188. 0 I 36. 8 35. 6 14. 9 198. 2 28. 0 37. 9 30. 6 33. 4 (141. 4) (16. 7) 78. 0 (82. 6) (311. 8) 61. 2 114. 4 214. 4 24. 2 (179. 4) 656. 5 178. 4 699. 6 (191. 1) 941. 4 (317. 6) 12. 7 (42. 5) 5. 1 (342. 3) (419. 9) 25. 3 (51. 3) 5. 9 (440. 0) (384. 1) 27. 2 (60. 8) 1. 2 (416. 5) (50. 3) (68. 9) 56. 0 (157. 0) (129. 7) (349. 9) 85. 4 49. 7 254. 3 $ 304. 0 (1. 7) 505. 1 23. 9 (646. 3) (133. 1) (252. 1) 48. 7 56. 2 198. 1 $ 254. 3 (1. 5) (61. 0) 54. 4 (299. 8) (136. 2) (444. 1) 8. 7 89. 5 108. 6 $ 198. 1 $ $ $ 68. 5 173. 1I 45. 0 221. 1 47. 1 231. 9 $ 108. 9 The accompanying notes to consolidated Nnancial statements are an integral part of this statement. 26 I NIKE, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY Common Stock Class A Class B Shares Amount Shares Amount Balance at May 31, 1998 IIIIIIIIIIIII Stock options exercised IIIIIIIIIIIIIII Conversion to Class B Common Stock II Repurchase of Class B Common StockII Dividends on Common Stock IIIIIIIIII Comprehensive income: Net income IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Foreign currency translation (net of tax expense of $0. 4)IIIIIIIIIIIIII Comprehensive income IIIIIIIIIIIIIII Balance at May 31, 1999 IIIIIIIIIIIIIStock options exercised IIIIIIIIIIIIIII Conversion to Class B Common Stock II Repurchase of Class B Common StockII Dividends on Common stock IIIIIIIIII Issuance of shares to employees IIIIIIII Amortization of unearned compensation IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Comprehensive income: Net income IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Foreign currency translation (net of tax expense of $1. 2)IIIIIIIIIIIIII Comprehensive income IIIIIIIIIIIIIII Balance at May 31, 2000 IIIIIIIIIIIII Stock options exercised IIIIIIIIIIIIIII Conversion to Class B Common Stock II Repurchase of Class B Common StockII Dividends on Common Stock IIIIIIIIII Issuance of shares to employees IIIIIIIIAmortization of unearned compensation IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Forfeiture of shares from employees IIII Comprehensive income: Net income IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Foreign currency translation and other (net of tax beneNt of $0. 2) IIIIIIII Comprehensive income IIIIIIIIIIIIIII Balance at May 31, 2001 IIIIIIIIIIIII 101. 5 $0. 2 (0. 8) 185. 5 2. 7 0. 8 (7. 4) $ 2. 7 Capital in Excess of Unearned Stated Stock Value Compensation (in millions) $262. 5 80. 5 $ I Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Retained Earnings $ (47. 2) $3,043. 4 $3,261. 6 80. 5 0. 2 (1. 5) 181. 6 1. 3 1. 5 (14. 5) 2. 7 334. 1 38. 7 (0. 1) (292 . 7) (135. 6) (17. 3) 0. 5 13. 5 I (21. ) (21. 7) (68. 9) (301. 6) (135. 6) 451. 4 100. 7 (8. 9) Total 451. 4 451. 4 3,066. 5 (627. 1) (131. 5) (13. 5) 1. 8 0. 2 (0. 1) 170. 4 2. 9 0. 1 (4. 0) 2. 6 369. 0 91. 0 (11. 7) (42. 2) (42. 2) (111. 1) (4. 8) 0. 1 6. 7 (6. 7) (2. 5) 7. 3 1. 2 (42. 2) 536. 9 3,136. 0 91. 0 I (152. 2) (157. 0) (129. 6) (129. 6) I (0. 6) $0. 2 169. 5 $ 2. 6 $459. 4 $ (9. 9) (41. 0) (41. 0) $(152. 1) 589. 7 $3,194. 3 The accompanying notes to consolidated Nnancial statements are an integral part of this statement. 27 579. 1 579. 1 2,887. 0 589. 7 99. 1 (644. 5) (131. 5) I 1. 8 579. 1 99. 2 (21. 7) 429. 7 3,334. 6 38. 7 7. 3 (1. 9) 589. 7 (41. 0) 548. 7 $3,494. 5

Compiler Design 2

Outline s Refreshing †¦ Uncensored †¦ Groundbreaking †¦. The Dr. Wang’s original lecture: s s s s s Tutorial of Design Compiler s s Introduction Setting Up the Tutorial Graphical Interface The Alarm Clock Design Setting Design Environment Setting Design Constraints Overview of Optimization Phases Analysis of Report DC Tutorial – 2 Introduction s s s Introduction s s s s The Synthesis Process Design Compiler Products Synthesis Programs and Tools Design Styles Input and Output Formats User Interfaces Script Files DC Tutorial – 4 The Synthesis Process Start Rewrite Verilog Code Read in Design Set Attributes Set Realistic Timing Goal Check Design Errors No Yes Fix Bugs Change Constraints Modify Compile Attributes Ungroup Design Blocks The DC Products s DC Professional – No multi-frequency clocking, latch-based time borrowing, pipeline re-timing, critical path resynthesis, in-place optimization, and incremental editing s DC Expert – Include features for maximizing performance s FPGA Compiler – Targets only FPGA technology Optimize No Good? Yes Done DC Tutorial – 5 DC Tutorial – 6 1 Synthesis Tools HDL Design Analyzer HDL Compilers DesignWare DesignWare Developer Architectural Optimization s s Architectural Optimization Gate-Level s s Design Analyzer Logic Optimization Design Compilers Cell Library Library Compiler s s Arithmetic Optimization Timing and Area-Based Resource Sharing Sub-expression Removal Constraint-Driven Resource Selection Inference of Synthetic Part (DesignWare) For more information – HDL Compiler for Verilog Reference Manual Optimized Gate-level Netlist DC Tutorial – 7 DC Tutorial – 8 DesignWare s DesignWare Developer Provide a library of high-level design components – Adders, Multiplier, etc. s s The HDL compiler will select the proper components for you based on your timing and area goals See Documentation Collection (open collection) – Synopsys DesignWare 1997. 01 s Create DesignWare Libraries DC Tutorial – 9 DC Tutorial – 10 DC Products s Cell Library s Library of basic cells used by DC – AND, OR, XOR, etc. s Optimize your design at the gate level Using selected cell libraries s For FPGA compiler, it may contain more complex cells – Xilinx CLBs, IOBs, etc. DC Tutorial – 11 DC Tutorial – 12 2 Library Compiler Design Styles s Yes, you can create your own cell libraries s s Hierarchical or Flatten Combinational or Sequential DC Tutorial – 13 DC Tutorial – 14 Input Formats s s s s Output Formats s s s s s VHDL Verilog PLA & EDIF 2. 00 Xilinx XNF s Synopsys binary format (. db files) VHDL Verilog EDIF 2. 00 Equation, LSI Logic, Mentor Graphics, PLA, state table, Tegas formats Xilinx XNF format DC Tutorial – 15 DC Tutorial – 16 User Interfaces s Scripts s shell> dc_shell – – – – – – – – – unix-like command shell dc_shell> quit dc_shell> cd my_dir dc_shell> alias wv write -f verilog dc_shell> pwd dc_shell> history n dc_shell> list -command dc_shell> man dc_shell> sh â€Å"lpr † s s s s shell> design_analyzer graphical interface DC Tutorial – 17 A set of command can be put together into a file called â€Å"script† Then, you don’t need to re-type some the commands again and again when using the dc_shell Scripts for this tutorial will be provided for your reference You can run them when you are home without the X-window capability DC Tutorial – 18 3 Locate Documentation s s s s s s s shell> design_analyzer & select Help –> On-Line Documentation †¦. Ignore the square window with â€Å"Titles† – select Cancel to close it – focus on the one with â€Å"File, Edit, View †¦Ã¢â‚¬  select File –> Open Collection select Synopsys Synthesis Tools 1997. 1 and then click OK select Documents Formatted for Printing and then click Open In the â€Å"File, Edit, View †¦Ã¢â‚¬  window, now you can select a list of on-line documents DC Tutorial – 19 Setting Up the Tutorial Setting Up the Tutorial s s s s Creating The Directories s >cp -r /baby/synopsys/doc/syn/tutorial . Home Directory tutorial Creating the directories Setting paths and aliases Creating a start-up file Running tutorial with scripts db/ verilog/ vhdl/ appendix_A/ Script files work (empty) DC Tutorial – 21 DC Tutorial – 22 Path s s .synopsys_dc. s etup file %> source /usr/local/bin/setup. synopsys Or you can put it in . cshrc file – %> source . cshrc – %> rehash s s You can take a look of the setup file – %> more /usr/local/bin/setup. synopsys s Creating a . synopsys_dc. setup file can overwrite system default settings %> cp ~/tutorial/. sysnopsys_dc. setup ~/. synopsys_dc. setup %> vi ~/. synopsys_dc. setup – company = â€Å"Motorola Somerset†; – designer = â€Å"CEO†; – view_background = â€Å"while†; s It basically setup the right environmental variables for you DC Tutorial – 23 DC Tutorial – 24 4 More about setup file s Scripts s s %> more . synopsys_dc. setup – search_path = { } + search_path – link_library †¦ target_library †¦ symbol_library †¦ define_design_lib †¦ s s s s s search_path = {a directory} + search_path – if you cp tutorial into a directory other than home link_library: location of subdesgins referenced by the design target_library: identify technology libraries symbol_library: identify symbols library for generating/viewing schematics define_design_lib: identify a temporary place to store intermediate files created by the analyzer DC Tutorial – 25 No X-Window, No Problem Find script files in ~/tutorial/appendix_A/. See Design Analyzer Reference Manual for more detail DC Tutorial – 26 Graphical Interface s s Start: %> design_analyzer & Quit: Select File –> Quit Menu Bar Graphical Interface View Buttons Level Buttons Scroll Bar Message Area (view_background = â€Å"while†;) View Window DC Tutor ial – 28 Mouse Buttons s Check Default Setup s Setup –> Defaults †¦ Left Button – Select design and design objects s Mid Button – Add or remove objects from a group of objects already selected s Right Button Bring up the pop-up menu DC Tutorial – 29 DC Tutorial – 30 5 Read in a Design s Save a Design s File –> – analyze & elaborate – read File –> Save or Save As †¦ – Once a design is selected s analyze : – read in VHDL/Verilog; check for syntax and synthesizale logic; store as intermediate formats – Use to read each sub-design + top level design s elaborate : – create the design from intermediate formats; determine the correct bus size; Use for top level design + sub-design with parameters passing in s read : read design formats other than HDL (db, PLA, tc. ) DC Tutorial – 31 DC Tutorial – 32 A Design Has 4 Views s s s s s Design View s Design View Symbol View Sc hematic View Hierarchy View T View (No Use) After â€Å"read† in all 13 verilog files in the tutorial directory – you first enter the Design View DC Tutorial – 33 DC Tutorial – 34 Symbol View s Schematic View s Select TIME_STATE_MACHINE and double-click on it -> you enter the symbol view of the design Click on the â€Å"schematic view† button on the left hand side DC Tutorial – 35 DC Tutorial – 36 6 Hierarchy View s Design View Icons s s s s Click the up arrow (left hand side) to go back to design view; doubleclick on TOP; Select View –> Change View –> Hierarchy – TOP contains 6 modules Netlist: read in as a netlist and optimized to gates Equation: In VHDL, Verilog, or equation format that is partially or completely behavioral PLA: Specified in PLA format State Table: Specified in state table format Y=A+B 010-0 1-101 PLA State Table Netlist Equation DC Tutorial – 37 DC Tutorial – 38 Command Window s dc_shell Commands Setup –> Command Window †¦ s For more information, – see Design Compiler Reference Manual: Fundamentals DC Tutorial – 39 DC Tutorial – 40 Design Attributes s Operating Environment Sub-menu s Attributes are values you set to control the optimization process – Select Attributes from the menu s The Attributes menu provide access to – – – – – – – Set input and output delays Set drive strengths set loads Characterize subdesigns Select operating conditions Choose a wire load model Create or modify a clock DC Tutorial – 41 Set design properties that describes the internal conditions of a design and the design’s interaction with its surrounding – drive strength on ports – the time that signals arrive on ports – load driven by output ports DC Tutorial – 42 7 Optimization Constraints s Design Optimization s Set the goal for design optimization – largest delay allowed – greatest area allowed Select Tools –> Design Optimization – See Design Compiler Reference Manual: Optimization and Timing Analysis for more detail s Two set-constraint windows – Design Constraints window †¢ Goals for area and power †¢ Design rules implied by technology library †¢ Test-related constraints (testability) – Timing Constraints window †¢ Timing constraints s DC Tutorial – 43 DC Tutorial – 44 Locating Problems s Generate Report s Before and after optimization, use Schematic View and Check Design to locate problems – Generate schematic view – Select Analysis –> Check Design – Jump to a design object †¢ Click on an error or warning message in the Design error window †¢ Click on the show button Analysis –> Report †¦ DC Tutorial – 45 DC Tutorial – 46 Run a Script File s Setup –> Execute Script – check out ~/tutorial/appendix_A/*. script – dc_shell> include The Alarm Clock Design DC Tutorial – 47 8

PICOT question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PICOT question - Assignment Example re incorrect markings, there was poor communication between the nurses and the doctors, poor teamwork, and there was miscommunication on whether it is the patient’s right or left limb that was to be amputated. In this particular situation the type of question that suits the given nursing situation is the intervention question. This kind of medical question considers a particular intervention or issue and compares it to a standard intervention or issue with regard to the effect that it will have on the population over a given period of time (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2015). In this instance, since time is not a critical factor, the analysis and search will only consider the population, the intervention , the standard comparison issues and the expected or possible outcome. These three elements ,therefore, need to be determined for the right information to be obtained from the completed PICO question (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2015). As indicated earlier, the question in this nursing situation will have four vital elements, which are necessary to allow for the execution of an effective and informative search. The population in this case is that of patients who visit various healthcare facilities for surgical operations. This is the group that has been identified to be at risk of the concerns raised. The intervention (issue) here is the use of schedule forms when preparing patients for the surgical operations. The third element for the case is the comparison intervention. From the summary of the nursing situation, it is evident that the staff at health facility relied on markings made using a pen to be able to know the body part that was to be operated on and the identity of the patient. Therefore, the comparison issue is the use of pens to carry out this marking. The final element is the outcome. In this case, it is the reduction in the number of erroneous operations. The reduction is measurable since it only re quires noting the number of operations without

Beneficiary of the Financial Liberalization Essay

Beneficiary of the Financial Liberalization - Essay Example Financial liberalization involves reduction of regulations and involvement of regulatory agencies in the financial system of a given country or region. It refers to the ‘deregulation of domestic financial markets and the liberalization of the capital account’ (Ranciere, Tornell & Westermann, n.d, p.1). The financial system broadly refers to the lending system in a given country and includes the players like banking institutions, the central bank, the treasury in a country, or the money markets authorities. Financial liberalizations will have varying effects on the players in different industries at the national, regional, or international levels. While some economies may suffer the negative consequences of financial liberalizations, other players in the economy will benefit from the initiative. This paper focuses on the likely beneficiary/beneficiaries of financial liberalization. Some financial reforms Financial liberalization measures can comprise both internal regulat ions (imposed by the central banks within a country) and external regulations effected by the regional and international agencies or the regulatory agencies in foreign countries. Internal FL measures are many. ... ludes a state’s withdrawal from involvement in financial intermediation (Ghosh, 2005), which is characterized by the transformation of development banks into regular financial institutions and privatization of publicly owned banking system. Financial liberalization also involves creating a relaxed environment for investors and firms to participate in the stock market through dilution of the listing conditions as well as relaxed regulation on the financial instruments to be used or acquired within a given financial system (Ghosh, 2005). A liberalized economy will also be characterized by better access to financial sources. Thus, internal financial liberalization also includes improving access to funds by the financial agents and firms and removing regulations on the kind of investments that can be made by these financial agents (Ghosh, 2005). External financial liberalization may include steps like allowing foreigners to own domestic financial assets, allowing domestic resident s to own foreign financial assets, or allowing free trade of foreign currency asset within the domestic economy (Ghosh, 2005). Who gains from financial liberalisation? Financial liberalization has positive and negative impacts on the economic development in a given country. While it can promote financial deepening and increased economic growth of a country, it can also lead to financial crisis in other countries resulting from increased macroeconomic volatility and excessive risk taking (Ranciere, Tornell, & Westermann, N.d). Financial repression, caused by governments’ interventions in the financial sector, leads to low economic growth and poor allocation efficiency in countries with negative interest rates and vice versa for positive interest rates (Caprio, Honohan & Stiglitz, 2006, p.5).

The role of nursing theory in nursing education, research, and Essay

The role of nursing theory in nursing education, research, and clinical practice - Essay Example Nursing theories help in generating further knowledge in the field of nursing. Though some theories may differ and can be confusing to the nurses, they are all meant to provide additional information to the nurses. Nursing theories are supposed to form the basis of practice, in that they lay down the foundation and provide a framework upon which training is based on. Before the training starts, it is important to bring out some ideas and concepts, which will help the students to comprehend the training process. The theories act as a form of introduction, thus preparing the nurses for the practice (Parker and Smith, 2010). One will find that other professions have theories that help in establishing a unique approach to the different aspects involved in that particular discipline. Since nursing is also a profession, it is important for it to have its own theories that will help the nurses to understand their role and purpose in the medical sector. Nurses need to be recognized in their own profession and this can be achieved by establishing a unique body of knowledge and concepts. Therefore, nursing theories play a role in establishing the professionalism in Nursing by providing a different approach to health care and treatment from the one used by doctors. They play an important role in creating a boundary between medicine and nursing. They help in defining a nurse’s role in the hospital, medical field, or medical practice (Ahmad, 2010). Nursing theories play a role in reinforcing nursing practices for they provide education required in treatment and care of the patients. They help the nurses to understand why a certain procedure is carried out in a certain manner and help the students to react in an appropriate manner when faced by a particular situation. By providing the education needed, the nurses are able to carry out the actual practices that their nursing