Monoamine Oxidase (Warrior Gene) and Maori Behaviour

Monoamine Oxidase (Warrior broker) and Maori BehaviourMonoamine Oxidase (Warrior Gene) andIts Relation to Maori BehaviourRoberto S. Recto Jr.AbstractThis analyze tackled primarily on the signifi croupet link between Monoamine Oxidase (Warrior Gene) and Maori behaviour. Specific every last(predicate)y, this may determine the possible causes of the hostility of the Maori commonwealth group as observed by other(a) queryers and scientists as explained on their arguments. The study discussed the census of the creation and conviction rate of Maori nation with other nation group. This study in like manner correlates the unique(predicate) behaviour of an aboutbody to other factors such as pargonnting and environ kind factors, not solely to the warrior gene. Irregularities in Monoamine Oxidases level in the body conduct negative make that were in like manner discussed on this paper. Domestic furiousness during childhood was as well as explained briefly and its negative effec ts to behaviour of an adult person. Negative behaviours that developed may be controlled and managed in particular here in refreshful Zealand with the help of the legislation.IntroductionMaori population is 682,200 out of the come New Zealand population of 4,433,000 as of 30 June 2012 according to New Zealands latest statistics. Maori make up 15.4 percent of the broad(a) population here in New Zealand. Despite a few round of Maori people lives in New Zealand, they commit more crimes and be punished in prison than any other population group. Reasons for this app arnt fact have not yet been fully discovered or defended (Statistics New Zealand, 2012).8,618 is the total count of prisoners in New Zealand, 51 percent (4,391) of which atomic number 18 Maori, 33 percent (2,835) ar Europeans and 12 percent (1,006) are Pacific people (Statistics New Zealand, 2012). Some studies may blame municipal forcefulness or poverty as the cause of Maoris committing crime. Others may as well as blame it way back on their ethnicity and culture. David Rankin, a Ngapuhi elder once utter that they have come from a warrior race but because of colonization, they have no more battles to fight and they have too much time on hand so that their inner violent energy is not used up (Dinsdale, 2012). But what is the real cause of this? If nature, culture or ethnic origins are the not the cause of this Maori behaviour, what else?Just this decade, a new controversial inclination was offered that became an issue both on scientific and political commentators. Dr. terminal pasturage, a researcher from New Zealand and his genesis proposed that Maoris carry a warrior gene (Monoamine Oxidase) that makes them more prone to aggressive behaviour that may lead to violence, risky behaviours and criminal acts. He also said that it obviously means that they will be violent or may do risky behaviours but that doesnt mean that once you are a crew cut of this gene, it wont automatically make you a criminal (Lea, R., Chambers, G. 2007). There may be some other factors at play that may bear on their behaviours such as lifestyle, upbringing-related exposures and others. This specific gene was also associated to high rates of alcoholism, smoking and gambling in the said population group (Once were warriors gene link up to Maori violence, 2006).Monoamine oxidase as the warrior geneMonoamine oxidase aka the warrior gene was coined by a scientific anthropologist Ann Gibson on an Annual Meeting of the Ameri cigarette connecter of Physical Anthropologists. (Gibbons, 2004). These enzymes are are involved in the breakdown and synthesis of neurotransmitters. Examples of which are serotonin and dopamine which controls emotions and moods. Being part of the breakdown, Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is capable of manipulating and influencing the persons mood, emotion, feelings and behavior. Levels of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the brain conclude how dissipated metabolism of these neurotr ansmitters occurs. Variations in level of MAOs in the brain can extend to the private from panic attacks and anxiety disorders to violence and aggression (Anonymous, 2004).The ArgumentAs stated on the introduction Dr. gat Lea is a researcher from New Zealand. He and his contemporaries proposed that Maoris carry a warrior gene (monoamine oxidase) that makes them more prone to aggressive behaviour. The warrior gene has been linked to criminal acts and associated with risk taking, plus gambling, drug dependence and hostility. though this gene has been linked to different aggressive and risk taking behaviours, there is no concrete trial impression that this is the cause of such behaviours.Dr. Nicola Poa a research fellow at Christchurch School of Medicine negated Dr. Rod Leas idea. She said it is unheard or unlikely to link a behavior to its said host. Dr. Nicola also said there is a huge ethical behavior behind every challenge of Maori people. She also stated that it would be a bi g leap to conclude and connect that this gene would affect the behavior of an individual. She suggested that psychologists and psychiatrists should be involved in this kind of study. Genes are just the basic building blocks of a human being (Stokes, J., 2006).On the other hand, Dr Sam Hancox, a doctor in Otago Universitys at Dunedin Multidisciplinary Area, proposed that the fraternity between genes and human behavior should also propose into consideration environmental factors. He said that a single gene cant explain everything. It will always be a assortment of different factors (putting emphasis on environmental influences). I quote Dr. Sam HancoxThere is no specific gene for making a great rugby participant, but then if you have the wrong pseud or participant, no amount of train and teaching is going to guarantee he will be an All Black team player. You have to have the perfect set of genes and the perfect set of coaching and teaching. (Stokes, J., 2006).Another research was conducted in 2002. The Otago-based unit researched the results of changes and variation of the Monoamine Oxidase on maltreated and abused children. This research prove that one of the greatest factors of human behavior is his environment and experience. Researchers found some of the population group that they conducted their research on developed antisocial behaviors with high levels of Monoamine Oxidase, despite being maltreated. However 85 per cent of those who are severely maltreated and abused with low levels of the warrior gene also developed antisocial behaviors (Stokes, J., 2006).Another scientist emerged and contradicted Dr.Leas research and hypothesis. Dr. Gary Hooks point of view challenges the idea and concept that Maoris are genetically pumped-up(a) to be aggressive, wild and commit acts of violence. Dr. Hook said there was an obvious f equity on Dr. Leas hypothesis especially in their scientific reasoning. Not still was the science criticized, but the ethics of cla iming that genes are to blame in Maoris behavior is also questioned. He agreed that conviction rates for home(prenominal) violence of Maoris are more compared to other population groups in New Zealand but there is no reference that this is because of Monoamine Oxidase gene that are present in their bodies. This gene has nothing to do with their behavior. Maori nature was not the reason for high criminality rates, he said. Maybe the cause of such behaviors is due to the fact that Maoris are colonized for 160 years by a Eurocentric justice system. (Chapman, K., 2009)Dr. Rod Leas argument has been usually weak and unsupported because other factors may affect the behaviour of an individual such as the way they are brought up, social status, economic status and other lifestyle factors. (Stokes, J., 2006).Behavioural effects of MAO irregularitiesAccepting the argument that the warrior gene is related to Maoris behaviour and traits is weak. There is no demonstration of exact evidence th at this gene to a lower placelies a behavioural variation in man. Was the hypothesis made by the scientists and researches are way too impossible? Or was it a reasonable explanation for violent behaviours?MAOs are extremely vital for proper functioning of the brain as they inactivate or activate neurotransmitters. When this genes are in great quantity, there will also be great inactivation of these neurotransmitters. Depression, criminal deeds, phobias, dependence, habituation and other Neurological disorders can occur. (Batts, S., 2006).Abnormal Monoaminase Oxidase levels may manifest negative behaviors such as the followers but not limited to Anxiety, personality disorders, antisocial behaviors, violence and risk taking, aggressive behavior, impulsive aggression, mental disorders, obesity, impulsivity, depression and suicidality impaired impulse control, mental retardation (such as autism, seizures, sleep disturbances) and panic disorders (Raumati Hook G. 2009).This capacity b e the reason why scientists are associating this gene to Maori Behaviors. It seems like these scientists are placing the Maori culture under the kin of mental health that being a Maori is a affection. They should also put into consideration that behavioural abnormalities cannot and should not only be isolated as to genetics. Environmental conditions should also be in the picture.The warrior gene versus puerility experiences versus Maori self determinationConcluding or proposing that the gene is to blame on Maori behaviour is the same as categorizing Maori behaviour as psychopath, with borderline psychosis or with psychological problem. Yes there are a huge number of diseases and ailments that may be associated with Monoamine Oxidase deficiency, but for the majority of people it functions quite well and consistently. Though conviction counts for home(prenominal) violence of this population group exceed those of other group, there is still no definite indication that the genes carr ied by Maoris functions differently from other ethnic groups and certainly has no evidence that it has something to do with having an aggressive or negative behaviour. (Stokes, 2006)Unpleasant childhood experiences negatively influence adulthood and how a man sees life, as seen on a recent study. The study was conducted by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). According to the study, one out of quaternion young adults was relentlessly maltreated during their childhood days and approximately half of adults in England have suffered an caustic childhood experience. Approximately one out of ten adults has experienced four or more unwanted experience during their childhood.There are different kinds and forms of childhood adversity it may range from physiological abuse to excited neglect and stress. Examples of these forms of experiences are sexual abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical abuse, physical neglect, substance abuse in home, mental illness in home, incarcerati on of family member, parenteral separation or divorce and witnessing against mother (McDonald, K. 2014).Tino Rangatiratanga or Principle of Self-determination is the sovereignty, independence, self-control and self-determination of the Maori people. The idea of Tino Rangatiratanga reinforces and allowing Mori to take control of their own culture, fate, unavoidableness and fortune (Smith, G.,1990). This may also be a factor in Maori behavior wherein they believe that they are the man for themselves. They control what they can. And Maori parents may or may not carry this behavior during their parenting that may affect the upbringing of their child. This may lead to negative behaviors as supported by the previous arguments.Despite of all the criticisms to Maori population group, they still have good traits in their hearts and culture. Manaakitanga is defined as being hospitable. They take a great pride in entertaining and hosting visitors to their land. Manuhiri on the other hand mean s the highest discover and respect are given by these people to visitors. Kaitiakitanga means guardianship (New Zealand Trade and Enterprise, n.d.). In simile to our study, Maori people are stewards and guardians of their own land. They are keeping it sacred and healthy for their children and grandchildren to inherit.ConclusionAs a conclusion of this paper, Genes are not to blame on how people would behave in a society. Genes may be a factor, but it is still not concrete enough to prove everything. Environmental factors should also be taken into consideration especially on Maoris parenting preference. Parenting has always been an issue not only in Maoris population group but in every culture on how children would promote up. As I have learned on Values Education during my grade school days, a childs mind is a clean paper wherein parents are the authors of what the content would be. I also believe that unpleasant childhood experiences will negatively influence adulthood that may l ead to aggressiveness and negative behaviours.Every culture and population group have their own positive and negative charaecteristics that other culture may notice. Being aggressive and observed as being violent does not and should not only pertain to Maoris population group. Putting the spotlight on this population group regarding aggressiveness is quite biased, to think that other population groups are way more aggressive to the point that they are killing and mutilating body parts of their own people.So for me, select is the biggest factor of what you would become a choice of who you want to be and what you want to be, combined with environmental and other factors. And if ever negative behaviour arises, it can be managed with the help of good support systems such as our family, friends, government or private institutions and others. focus of Domestic ViolenceAs we discuss this research, domestic violence became a highlight. New Zealand has a law regarding rehabilitation and man agement of this matter. Domestic violence can never be prevented because it is a choice, but we can manage the outcome it has done with the person involved. Managing the outcome may prevent negative effects that domestic violence has done to an individual.The Domestic Violence Act of 1995 provides rehabilitation programme for those who are victims of domestic violence with protection orders. The Court contracts with other approved organizations and specialized individuals to offer programmes and rehabilitation. These said programmes contribute to the laws principal goal of providing better protection for the victims of domestic violence. When the court decides that there should be a rampart Order, the person involved may request a programme that may provide information, support (whether psychological, emotional, physical etc.) and education that is related to domestic violence. This request can be made until the third year of the discharge of the Protection order.( Cram, F., Piham a, L., Jenkins, K., Karehana, M., 2002).Word Count 2363 wordsReferencesAnonymous (2004). 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